16.4 Ответь на вопросы:

1. What is the function of the microprocessor?

2. What are the advantages of microcomputers in comparison with random-logic design?

3. What technology made the smaller size and lower cost of elec­tronic devices possible?

4. What are the main factors resulting in greater cost savings of elec­tronic devices?

5. What limits the numeric range of data the processor can handle?

6. What features of microprocessors are to be considered when deal­ing with their applications?

16.5 Прочитай, переведи и выучи наизусть текст a microprocessor:

A microprocessor is a tool that deals with memories by reading and writing process. At first sight it is all it can actually do.

One can consider that it is surprising how a computer can answer a question only by dealing with 0 and 1 but the fact is that it works. Only human brain can teach a computer how to “listen” to a ques­tion and “elaborate” an answer only by dealing with 0 and 1. A micro­processor is the next step, dealing with memories in complete “tradi­tional” 8-bit bytes.

So the microprocessor is addressing a memory, a location inside the selected memory, and then achieves a read or write operation.

Additional tools have been designed to allow exchanges with ex­ternal memories or devices.

16.6 Переведи на русский язык:

1. It is necessary to examine factors which are likely to interfere with the experiment results.

2. Human needs have to be identified first and then converted to programs in the best possible way.

3. Sometimes the microcomputer system is to be used as a general purpose computer.

4. The computer has made it possible to mechanize much of the in­formation interchange and processing.

5. Architectures should provide adequate flexibility to support the growing trend to distributed systems.

6. In the ideal system, the output of a stable transfer function (digital filter) would approach some constant for a constant input.

7. In a real-time program the program must execute the model code synchronously with real time.

16.7 Прочитай, переведи и выучи наизусть текст software:

Programs — software - can be written in a variety of program­ming languages. Most programming languages in common use today are English-like in appearance, although there are very definite rules for using them. Some languages are to be used specifically for business or for scientific applications.

Programmers must understand how to use a programming lan­guage so that they can convey the logic of a program to the computer. The program must be made available to the computer in a form it un­derstands. The program is stored in some form of auxiliary storage, such as disk, from which it can be called into main storage for testing and execution. Programmers must also understand that the program is supposed to do and design it accordingly, test it to remove errors, and document — write about — what they did.

16.8 Прочитай, переведи текст и заполни пропуски следующими словами: architectural research; programming language researchers; development efforts; integrated circuit researchers; computer architecture researchers; operating system researchers:

The _ and _ are directed at integrated circuits, computer architecture, operating systems, and pro­gramming languages.

_ are examining complementary' metal- oxide semiconductor (CMOS) design styles, the effects of scaling very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits and control and clocking issues.

_ are studying multiprocessor ad­dress trace analysis, cache consistency, virtually-tagged caches, in­cache address translation, multi-level cache design, coprocessor in­terfaces, instruction delivery, hardware support, and floating-point implementations.

_ are investigating network file systems, network page servers, the effects of large physical memories on virtual memory implementations, and workload distribution.

_ are examining parallel programs and methods of computing parallel LISP programs.