14.3 Переведи на английский язык:

1. независимо от цели

2. средство для сбора, записи, анализа и распределения огром­ной массы информации

3. управлять операциями всей системы, подавая команды

4. считывать информацию из памяти

5. компьютер включает в себя микропроцессор

6. пользователь не может использовать этот язык

7. особый интерес представляют информационные системы

8. очевидно, что ...

9. препятствовать коммуникации «человек-машина»

10. получить доступ к ...

14.4 Переведи на русский язык:

1. artificial language designed for that system is ...

2. there is a trend towards language with free format

3. the fields of computers and communications are merging

4. language barrier hinders man-machine communication

5. program optimisation is of crucial importance

6. the idea of sharing programs across different hardware platforms is...

7. the booming of brand new programming languages can ...

8. to adapt currently available popular programming languages was...

9. to gain access to important distinctions of computing is ...

14.5 Прочитай, письменно переведи и озаглавь текст:

The proliferation of computer languages that has been going on for some time will continue indefinitely. Most of the new languages will be aimed at making it easier to perform specialized kinds of pro­cessing. The trend will be away from Procedure Oriented Languages toward languages that will allow the user to specify what task the sys­tem is to perform, rather than how the system will perform the task.

By far the greatest challenge in the language area will be to develop new and more powerful general-purpose languages. The concepts of parallel processing and distributing computing call for new approaches to the description and solution of large-scale, complex problems. These languages will have to accommodate a degree of system complexity and coordination far beyond the ability of most existing languages.

14.6 Прочитай, переведи текст ELECTRONIC IMPACT и заполни пропуски следующими словами: patented; afford; province; profound; comprehend; tank; impact; events:

The _ long-term _ of electronics on the design of the cars we drive is not easy to fully_.

The first transistor ignition systems began showing up in 1950s. Electronics can perform basic engine functions that we had always as­sumed were the _ of mechanics.

With microprocessor chips available for less than the cost of a _ of gasoline, we can _ more control of the _ in an internal combustion cycle.

Lucas Industries of England has _ computer-controlled electro-magnetically operated intake and exhaust valves (клапаны).

Imagine what your car’s future engine could be!

14.7 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст parallelism:

Basically, parallel processing means the use of parallel or redun­dant circuits to accomplish similar or different functions. In the first case, the computer achieves a higher throughput merely by having more circuits working at one time. In the case of different functions, through­put is increased by having different portions of the computer work on different aspects of a problem at the same time, instead of having the computer step through series of functions sequentially.

Although it is possible to design parallelism into the massive CPU of a mainframe macro, tomorrow’s big computer will achieve this ca­pability through combinations of separate processors — distributed computing.

PASSIVE VOICE

The Passive употребляется для выражения:

• действия, которое было совершено неизвестным, неважным или ясным из контекста лицом:

Mrs. Motovilova’s ruby ring was stolen from her house last night.

• действия более важного, чем лицо, совершающее действие. в обзорах новостей, статьях, официальных записях, инструкций, рекламы:

Two teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night.

• более вежливого высказывания:

My new blouse is ruined.

Вместо: You’ve ruined my blouse.

В Passive обычно не употребляются The Present Perfect Continuous, The Future Continuous, The Past Perfect Continuous и The Future Perfect Continuous.

В разговорной речи часто заменяют to be на to get:

Masha got run over by a car while she was crossing the street.

Present Simple	am/is/are v3	Future Simple	will be v3
Present Continuous	am/is/are being v3	Future Perfect	will have been v3
Past Simple	was/were v3	Present Infinitive	(to) be v3
Past Continuous	was/were being v3	Perfect infinitive	(to) have v3
Present Perfect	have/has been v3	Continuous Infinitive	being v3
Past Perfect	had been v3	Modals	modal be v3

Для изменения предложения из active в passive:

• дополнение становится подлежащим

• сказуемое остается в том же времени

• перед дополнение в passive (бывшее подлежащее active) ставится by или оно опускается

• если за сказуемым стоит дополнение предложение может быть изменено в passive:

Pasha feeds the cows. –> The cows are fed by Pasha.

• by + дополнение употребляется, чтобы сказать кто или что совершает действие. With + инструмент/ материал/ ингредиент:

A kite was made by Vova. It was made with paper, paint & string.

• если подлежащее в passive: people, one, someone, somebody, they, he, etc., дополнение обычно опускается:

People eat a lot of junk food nowadays. -> A lot of junk food is eaten nowadays.

• дополнения me, you, him, etc. в active становятся подлежащими I, you, he, etc. в passive:

They rescued me. -> I was rescued.

• с глаголами bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, throw, write, award, hand, sell, owe, grant, allow, feed, pass, post, read, take, offer, give, pay и lend можно сделать два разных предложения в passive:

Vika showed Roma some photos. -> Roma was shown some photos by Vika.(этот вариант предпочтительнее)/Some photos were shown to Roma by Vika.

• если в active за сказуемым следует предлог, то в passive он сохраняется:

Jana looks after the baby. -> The baby is looked after by Jana.

• вопросы в passive строятся по схеме Who/What … by?:

Who was the camera invented by? What was the explosion caused by?

С глаголами think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc. можно личные и безличные формы в passive:

Active	Passive безличный	Passive личный
People say that he has lost his job.	It is said he has lost his job.	He is said to have lost his job.
People know that she works hard.	It is known she works hard.	She is known to work hard.
People think he left the country last night.	It is thought he left the country last night.	He is thought to have left the country last night.

Конструкция have something done используется, чтобы сказать, что кто-то что-то делает для нас:

Galya is having her car repaired at the moment.

• Вопросы и отрицания образуются при помощи do/does/did:

Do you have your hair cut every month? Did she have the house cleaned?

• Have something done используется чтобы сказать, что произошло что-то неприятное:

Nastya had her purse stolen yesterday.

Get можно употреблять вместо have в неформальном общении:

We must get the fridge repaired soon.