14.1 Прочитай, переведи и выучи наизусть:

Вариант 1

THE HEART OF THE COMPUTER

The processor is the brains of the computer, the location of those fantastically small circuits. Think of it as an overworked adding ma­chine that also can make simple logic decisions.

It can decide that two numbers are equal or not equal, that a cer­tain condition does or does not exist in the circuitry. It can decide that things are true or false based on rules the programmer supplies to make that decision. This, combined with the ability to add and subtract at lightning-fast speeds and store the results of these processes, allows the programmer to give step-by-step instructions to be carried out on command.

Вариант 2

OLD AND NEW CONCEPTS

Although the idea of an automatic computing engine occurred first to Charles Babbage in 1832, it was more than a century later, in 1945, that John von Neumann set out the principles that were to fix the pat­tern of computer design for the next twenty years. Most of today’s com­puters follow the von Neumann model, and probably many of tomor­row’s will do so also. In particular, they have a rather rigidly organized store, holding both instructions and data; and, although some overlap of operations occurs, in general they tiptoe through their programs in mini­steps. There can be no doubt that computers of this kind are powerful, versatile tools; but it would be surprising indeed if one type of machine were to prove equally suitable for all types of problems; and it may be that some problems of practical interest to us are too difficult, or too expensive, to solve on von Neumann machines.

14.2 Прочитай, переведи текст personal computer and computer trends и расположи абзацы в правильной последовательности:

1. The first generation of true personal computers, which came on the market between 1977 and 1981, had eight-bit microproces­sor chips available, and soon they were included in complete com­puter systems. As for clock frequency, the trend has been from one megahertz (one million cycles per second) a few years ago to 10 megahertz or more today.

2. Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. Moreover, just as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly “friendly”, so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

3. A personal computer is a small computer based on a micropro­cessor; it is a microcomputer. Not all microcomputers, however, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the injection of fuel into an automobile engine; it can be a word processor, a video game or a “pocket computer” that is not quite a computer. A person­al computer is something different: a stand-alone computer that puts a wide array of capabilities at the disposal of an individual.

4. Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. Moreover, just as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly “friendly”, so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

5. The first personal computer (PC) was put on the market in 1975.

6. These systems were smaller, faster and more reliable.

7. The first commercial systems were installed in the 1950s and ran such “business” applications as accounting, billing, payroll, and inventory control. This was a logical first step in the application of computers to solve business-related problems.

8. These early computer system processed data in batches, that is, they executed one program at a time and handled transactions (say, an accounting entry, such as payment of a bill) one at a time from a predefined sequence of transactions. They required consid­erable amounts of manual intervention and the applications they performed were limited in scope.

9. The computers of the 1950s also tended to be physically large, internally slow, and somewhat unreliable in terms of system avail­ability. They used vacuum tubes which limited their price-perfor- mance ratio and, thus, both the numbers and kinds of applications that were run on them.

10. The earliest computers were developed during the Second World War for specific defense applications — some of the first computers were used to calculate artillery firing coordinates - these systems did not become commercially marketable for a number of reasons: they were special-purpose, designed for military applications; they were extremely large, occuping huge warehouses; they consumed enor­mous amounts of electricity, generated immense amounts of heat, required tons of chilled air, and broke down every few hours.

11. The next major advance in systems came in the early 1960s, with the invention of the transistor and its implementation in the next gen­eration of computers.

12. These systems were smaller, faster and more reliable.

13. In the decade of 1990s, administrative applications evolved into tools for the strategic use of an organization’s information assets to create a competitive advantage for the organization. Advances in elec­tronic technology improved the cost-performance of computer sys­tems; they continued to shrink in size and increase in power.

14. In the 1970s, the arrival of integrated circuitry resulted in fast and reliable computer systems. Advances in operating systems technology precipitated the rapid spread of multiuser systems, and data commu­nications systems enabled more and more applications to be accessed from remote locations by employees working at CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) terminals. The applications began to provide information that resulted in a wide range of benefits, from significantly improved cus­tomer service to tighter management control over widely dispersed operations and functions.

15. In the 1980s, the microcomputer brought low-cost computer pow­er to virtually anyone who wishes to use it.

16. Advances in communication technology placed more and more information at the fingertips of the average worker, as systems were tied into local, national, and integrational networks. The use of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) has become ubiquitous in a few short years.