Moscow

1. Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is situated in the centre of the European part of the country. It is a modern city now. The population of the city is about 9.5 million people. Moscow is a political, economic, commercial and cultural centre of our country. Moscow was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky. The total area of the city is about nine hundred square kilometres. We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as the Moscow-Volga Canal links Moscow with the Baltik, White, Caspian and Black seas and the sea of Azov.

2. Moscow is the industrial centre of the country. There are many factories and plants in it. Moscow is a cultural centre. There are a lot of theatres,

Зачёт и экзамен.

Зачёт. К зачёту допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольные работы и сдавшие тексты в объёме, предусмотренном программой Для получения зачета студент должен уметь:

а) прочитать со словарём незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный грамматический материал (600-800 знаков в час письменно). Форма проверки - письменный перевод.

б) прочитать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов (500-600 знаков).Форма проверки понимания - передача содержанного прочитанного на русском языке. Экзамен. К экзамену по английскому языку допускаются студенты, имеющие зачёты за I, II, III семестры, выполнившие письменные контрольные работы и сдавшие материал по чтению за II курс.

На экзамене проверяются умения:

А) читать со словарём текст по специальности. Форма проверки

понимания - письменный перевод (1000 п. знаков в час).

Б) читать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический

материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов (600-800 п. зн.). Форма проверки

понимания - передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке.

Выполнение контрольных заданий.

Количество контрольных заданий устанавливается учебным планом университета.

Каждое контрольное задание в данных методических указаниях предполагается в пяти вариантах. Студенты должны выполнить один из вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант №1; на 3 или 4 - №2; на 5 или 6 - №3; на 7 или 8 - №4; на 9или 0 - №5. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, группу, номер контрольной

работы.

Контрольные работы должны выполнять чернилами, аккуратно. При

выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для

замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний реципиента. Материал

контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему

образцу.

Русский текст

Левая страница

Правая страница

Поля Английский текст

Поля

Контрольная работа № 1

Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу №1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Притяжательный падеж существительных.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных.

3. Глагол (Simple Tenses, Continuous Tense, Perfect Tense)

4. Имя числительное

5. Конструкции There is/There are

6. Порядок слов в утвердительном и вопросительном предложении. Образец выполнения 1 (к упр.З)

1. Moscow is the largest city in Russia. Москва - самый большой город в России.

-the largest — превосходная степень от прилагательного large - большой,

образованная при помощи суффикса -est. 2. The Kremlin is more famous than other sights of Moscow. Кремль более

известен, чем другие виды Москвы.

- more famous - сравнительная степень двухсложного прилагательного famous - известный, образованная при помощи прилагательного more - более.

3. The Moscow State University building is higher than other buildings in the city. Здание Московского Государственного Университета выше других зданий в городе.

- higher - сравнительная степень односложного прилагательного high -

высокий, образованная при помощи суффикса -ег. Образец выполнения 2 (к упр.4)

1. Прочтите и переведите

текст.

Lomonosov founded the first Russian University. Ломоносов основал первый русский университет. - founded - Past Simple Active от глагола to found Вариант 1

museums, institutes, libraries and cinemas in Moscow. The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the famous theatres all over the world. If you are fond of painting you can go to the Tretyakov Art Gallery or to the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum and see a lot of interesting portraits and landscape there. We say the Tretyakov Art Gallery is a treasure-house of Russian Art. Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum. There are many tanks, guns and war documents there.

3. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic association than any other place in Moscow. The Kremlin and St Basil's Cathedral (Vasily Blazhenny) are masterpieces of acient Russian architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the country's simbol. There are many fine buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares, churches and monuments

in Moscow.

4. Moscow is the city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities. One of the highest buildings in Moscow is The State Moscow University. It was founded by M.V, Lomonosov in the 18* century and now bears his name. The new university building was built in the 50* years of our century. It is so high that one can see it from different parts of the city.

5. The Moscow underground is one of the best in the world. It connects the centre of the city with almost all the districts and suburbs of Moscow. The underground is the quickest and most convenient means of transport, Moscow is the railway, highway and airway crossroads. Every day millions of visitors

come to Moscow.

6. Moscow is the centre of Russian science and culture. It is the seat of Russian Academy of Science. There are many research institutes, universities, colleges, schools and libraries here.

7. Moscow is a multinational city. You can find people of different nations

and nationalities live in it.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3,4,5 и 6 абзацы.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык, укажите

степень сравнения.

- Moscow is a political, economic, commercial and cultural centre of

our country.

• It has more historic association than any other place in Moscow.

• There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it.

• The underground is the quickest and most convenient means of transport.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

- In the 13^th century ancient Rus, which included the Moscow Principality, fell under the yoke of Tatar-Mongol invanders.

• There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities.

• Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum.

• In several years Moscow will grow considerably.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием —s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. является

1. показателем 3-го лица, ед.числа глагола в Present Simple

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

• There are a lot of theatres, museums, institutes, libraries and cinemas in Moskow.

• It was founded by M.V. Lomonosov in the 18^lh century and now bears his name.

• It connects the centre of the city with almost all the districts and suburbs of Moscow.

• The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the country's symbol.

6. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

• What is the geographical situation of Moscow?

• What are the most popular places of interest in the city?

• Who founded the State Moscow University?

7. Найдите в тексте и напишите словами все числительные.

Вариант 2

London

1. Прочтите и переведите текст.

1. London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. London is an ancient city. It is more than twenty centuries old. The population of London, including its suburbs, is more than nine million people. London is one of the biggest cities of the world and the largest city in Europe. It is situated on the banks of the River Thames. There are 17 bridges across the river.

2. The City is the financial and the business centre of the country. You can see nairow streets and pavements there. There are a lot of banks, firms and various offices here. It is the ancient part of London. Few people live in this part of London but over a million come here to work. One of the greatest English churches - St Paul's Cathedral - is here. It was designed and built by an outstanding English architect Christopher Wren in 1710. St Paul's Cathedral is the second large church in Europe. Admiral Nelson is buried here.

3. Not far away is Westminister - the administrative centre of London. The Houses of Parliament are situated here. It is the seat of the British Government.

The building is very beautiful and has two towers and a big clock called Big

Ben.

Westminister Abbey where kings and queens are crowned is opposite the Houses of Parliament. This ancient building was founded in the 11^th century. It was destroyed and rebuilt several times. Many famous people are buried here, among them Newton, Darwin, Dickens and Kipling.

4. The West End is the part of London where the rich people live. Fine houses, wide streets, numerous parks are to be found in this part of the capital. The best cinemas, theatres, concert halls, famous shops, comfortable hotels, restaurants, large museums are situated here. The most beautiful London park - Hyde park - is in this district too. Hyde Park is more famous for its Speaker's Corner, where people go when they want to tell other people about their political

opinions.

5. The East End includes the port, the docks stretching for miles and the great

industrial areas, which depend on shipping.

6. London is famous for its outstanding places of interest. There are many architectural, art and historic monuments in London such as the British Museum, the Tower of London, the National Gallery, Buckingham Palace, the Nelson Column and many others.

7. The London Underground is the oldest one in the world. It was opened in

London in 1863.

8. One can say that the City is the money of London, The West End is the goods of London, the East End is the hands of London.

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4 абзацы. 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык, укажите степень

сравнения.

- London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and

cultural centre.

- London is one of the biggest cities of the world and the largest city

in Europe.

• The most beautiful London park - Hyde park - is in this district too.

• Hyde Park is more famous for its Speaker's Corner, where people go when they want to tell other people about their political opinions.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

a. Buckingham Palace, which is today the official residence of the

British Monarchy, has served that function only since comparatively Recent times. There are a lot of banks, firms and various offices here.

Few people live in this part of London but over a million come here to work.

- At the beginning, the Tower of London served as fortress and palace.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по

грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. является

1. показателем 3-го лица, ед.числа глагола в Present Simple

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

• There are a lot of banks, firms and various offices here.

• Hyde Park is more famous for its Speaker's Corner, where people go when they want to tell other people about their political opinions.

• The East End includes the port, the docks stretching for miles and the

Great industrial areas that depend on shipping. St Paul's Cathedral is the second large church in Europe. 6. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

• What are the most popular places of interest in the City?

• What parts is London divided into?

• How is the West End characterized?

7. Найдите в тексте и напишите словами все числительные. t Вариант 3

1. Прочтите и переведите текст. Washington

1. Washington is the capital of the United States of America. The city is on the left bank of the Potomac River. The city was named after the first president George Washington. The population of the city is nearly three million people. There arejnanv beautiful parks and gardens in Washington. It is interesting to see the famous cherry trees. These trees are the gift from Japan. They were brought there in 1912.

2} There are many libraries, museums, art galleries in the city, for example, you can see The National Gallery of Art. It was opened in 1941. It has a lot of art collections by the great masters from the 14^lh to the 19^й1 centuries. It is one of the finest picture galleries in America. The NASA Museum is devoted to the US achievements in the exploration of space.

3. The Capitol is the centre of the city. The Capitol was built according to the plans of William Thornton. He was an amateur architect. It was made of stone and marble and contains 540 rooms. It is situated on Capitol Hill. Capitol Hill is the highest place in the city. Topping the dome is the 19-foot bronze statue of Freedom. There is a law that forbids to build houses higher than the Capitol. The Capitol is the seat of Congress. "

,_4y Congress consists of two Chambers: The Senate and the House of Representatives. From the Capitol to the White House runs Pennsylvania Avenue used for all processions and parades. The White House is the place where the President of the USA lives and works. It is the official residence of the USA presidents.

J} There are a lot of sights in Washington. It is difficult to find a park or a square without a monument or a memorial. The Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument are the most famous and nice ones.

6. The Lincoln Memorial was dedicated to Memorial Day - May 30, 1922. It was built in the style of a classic Greek temple. It has 36 columns. Each column represents the state in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death. But the dominant feature of the building is the realistic figure of Lincoln.

7. The Washington Monument is one of the city's most impressive sights. It is situated in Potomac Park. It was erected to the memory of the first President of the USA in 1888. It is called "The Pencil", because it is one of the tallest stone construction in the world and the tallest stone structure in the USA. This monument is over 555 feet high. There is the Pentagon in Washington. It is a building and was built between 1941 — 43. Now it is the US military centre. A lot of people work there.

8. Washington is a city almosl/without/industry. The federal government and tourism are the mainstays of the city's economy. /Thousands/of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see j their capital and the monuments to those who in past centuries struggled for the independence of their country. > . /r,.^.,,

2, Перепишите н письменно переведите 2,3, 4 и 5 абзацы.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык, укажите сгепень

сравнения.

• Capitol Hill is the ^lighest place in the city.

• There is a law that forbids to build houses higher than the Capitol.

• The Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument are the most famous and nice ones.

• It is one of the finest picture galleries in America.

• There are many beautifolparks and gardens in Washington.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определитеи них вндовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

■ In 1780, CongressXlecided/fo build a capital city- Washington.

• Since than the nation's capital called Washington has kept on growing.

• Washington is a city almost/without/industry.

• /Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,

10

оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. является

1. показателем 3-го лица, ед.числа глагола в Present Simple

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

• There are many libraries, museums, art galleries in the city.

• Each column represents the state in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death.

• The White House is the place where the President of the USA lives and works.

• Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day.

6. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

• What is the importance of the Capitol?

• What is the political system of Great Britain?

• What sights are in Washington?

7. Найдите в тексте и напишите словами все числительные. Вариант 4

New York

1. Прочтите и переведите текст

1. New York is the largest city in the United States. It is situated in the southern part of New York state, at the mouth of the Hudson River. In 1609, Henry Hudson, who worked for the Dutch East India Company, sailed up the river that now bears his name and went as far as Albany. Five years later, a permanent settlement was established at what is now New York, but at that time it was called New Amsterdam by the Dutch governors. In 1664, Great Britain's Duke of York seized settlement from the Dutch. The colony was named in honor of the Duke. In 1898, Greater New York included the following 5 boroughs: Manhattan (New York country); Brooklyn (King's country); The Bronx (Bronx country); Queen's (Queen's country); Staten Island (Richmond country).

2. Today, the Big Apple is a major world capital, and a world leader in finance, the arts and communications. New York is known as a «melting pot», because people of different races and nationalities make up its population of more than 7 million. About 13 of ever)' 100 people in New York were born in another country. More than 80 languages are spoken throughout the neighbourhoods and streets of the city. There are places where the English language is hardly ever heard.

3. You can cross continents within the city. If you wish to go from China to Italy, you only have to cross Canal Street. It is also just as easy to go from Puerto Rico to Israel. There are more Irish and Italians in New York than in any other city outside Ireland and Italy. More than 80,000 Chinese-Americans live in Chinatown in Manhattan. Chinatown looks more like Hong Kong than New York. There is a district in Brighton Beach - renamed Little Odessa by its Russia residents — where you forget that you are in New York. You could be on the Black Sea coast. Harlem is often called the black capital of the country.

11

4. Signs of immigrations from all over the world can still be found in the names of streets and buildings. New York smells the whole world kitchen. Italian, Greek, Korean, Chinese, Russian, Mexican, Spanish, African cuisines are in the fierce culinary competition.

5. There is always something to celebrate in New York: the Chinese New Year in January, with its wonderful fireworks and dragon parade; San Gennaro's Day in September, When the whole of Little Italy is out in the streets dancing; Easter Parade on Fifth Avenue; the New Year's Eve celebrations in Times Square; Harlem Day in August... Sometimes celebrations in small quarters are more interesting than the big Fifth Avenue parades because they offer a variety of music, food and drink and the chance to meet people.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4 абзацы.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык, укажите степень

сравнения.

• New York is the largest city in the United States.

• More than 80 languages are spoken throughout the neighbourhoods and streets of the city.

• Sometimes celebrations in small quarters are more interesting than the big Fifth Avenue parades.

• There are more Irish and Italians in New York than in any other city outside Ireland and Italy.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

- In 1609, Henry Hudson, who worked for the Dutch East India Company, sailed up the river that now bears his name and went as far as Albany.

• New York smells the whole world kitchen.

• If you get on a subway you will see people reading newspapers almost on all languages.

• More than 80,000 Chinese-Americans live in Chinatown in

Manhattan.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. является

1. показателем 3-го лица, ед.числа глагола в Present Simple

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

• More than 80 languages are spoken throughout the neighbourhoods and streets of the city.

• Chinatown looks more like Hong Kong than New York.

• New York smells the whole world kitchen.

12

- There is always something to celebrate in New York: the Chinese New Year in January, with its wonderful fireworks and dragon parade; San Gennaro's Day in September, When the whole of Little Italy is out in the streets dancing; Easter Parade on Fifth Avenue; the New Year's Eve celebrations in Times Square; Harlem Day in August...

6. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

• What is the history of the settlement New York?

• What nationalities live in New York?

• What famous holidays are there in New York?

7. Найдите в тексте и напишите словами все числительные. Вариант 5 St. Petersburg

1. Прочтите и переведите текст.

1. The beautiful city of St. Petersburg is built on water, which gives a magical and romantic atmosphere. Poets and writers often call it "The northern Venice", "The Pearl of the Baltics". The city was born and grew up on 42 islands. Now they are linked by 363 bridges. It stretches along the Neva River.

2. It was the Tsar's fancy to build a city on a swampy land at the mouth of the Neva river. Peter I believed that the new city would provide a port for trade through the Baltic Sea giving Russia a "window on Europe". In May, 1703 Peter I founded a fortress on a small island called Zayachy. The fortress was named after Saint Peter and gave its name to the future northern capital of Russia.

3. At the beginning of its construction the city charged everyone an obligatory tribute. Those who arrived by carriage were to bring three stones, and those who came by river or sea — ten stones. Many famous European and Russian masters did their best work while constructing the city. Palaces, cathedrals, buildings of rare beauty rose along straight avenues and streets, squares and parks.

4. The first monumental ensemble of the city, Peter and Paul fortress, attracts lots of tourists. The Cathedral of Peter and Paul fortress built by architect Tresini in 1712-1733 became the necropolis of Russian tsars. St. Peresburg displays a remarkable richness of architecture. Its Winter Palace, the Kazan and St. Isaac's Cathedrals, Vorontsov and Stroganov Palaces are world famous. Museums are the city's pride. One of the most famous museums, the State Hermitage, is situated here. Its collection boasts of tsar's treasures, works of world-known artists, and paintings from private galleries. Some 2,5 million masterpieces of various epochs, countries and nations are located in more than one thousands halls. It is one of the largest museums in Europe.

5. St. Petersburg has played a vital role in Russian history. It was the scene of the February Revolutions in 1917 and was fiercely defended during World War II. It was renamed 3 times - Petrograd, Leningrad and, again, St. Petersburg. Now, the city plays an important role in Russian economy, culture and international cooperation.

13

6. Great Federico Fellini, who once visited St. Petersburg said, "I'm happy that I was born in Italy and worked in Rome, but, probably, I would be twice as happy if fate would let me have a nook in Russia, in St. Petersburg. I fell in love with the city. Somehow, I understand it". If you have a chance to visit this great city, you will fall in love with it, too.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4 абзацы.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык, укажите степень сравнения.

• The beautiful city of St. Petersburg is built on water, which gives a magical and romantic atmosphere.

• One of the most famous museums, the State Hermitage, is situated here.

• St. Petersburg is more beautiful then most other cities in Russia and abroad.

• It is one of the largest museums in Europe.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них

видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

• At the beginning of its construction the city charged everyone an obligatory tribute.

• The first monumental ensemble of the city, Peter and Paul fortress, attracts lots of tourists.

• Its Winter Palace, the Kazan and St. Isaac's Cathedrals, Vorontsov and Stroganov Palaces are world famous.

• St. Petersburg has played a vital role in Russian history.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. является

1. показателем 3-го лица, ед.числа глагола в Present Simple

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

- Its collection boasts of tsar's treasures, works of world-known artists, and paintings from private galleries.

Now, the city plays an important role in Russian economy, culture

and

international cooperation.

Some 2,5 million masterpieces of various epochs, countries and

nations are located in more than one thousands halls.

The first monumental ensemble of the city, Peter and Paul fortress,

attracts lots of tourists.

6. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

• What is the geographical situation of St. Petersburg?

• What places of interest are there in St. Petersburg?

• What is the role of the city in the history of Russia?

7. Найдите в тексте и напишите словами все числительные.

(^Контрольная работаГ>^2^) Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу №2, необходимо усвоить

следующие разделы курса.

1. Пассивный залог (Passive Voice).

2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 3).

Moscow University was founded by Lomonosov. Московский университет

был основан Ломоносовым.

Was founded - Passive Voice (Пассивный залог), Past Simple от формы

инфинитива to be founded, образованный при помощи вспомогательного

глагола to be и глагола to found в III форме.

Образец выполнения 2 ( к упр.4).

One may speak everything he wants at Hyde Park. Можно говорить все,

что хочется в Гайд Парке. Функция разрешения.

One is allowed to speak everything he wants in Hyde Park.

To be allowed - эквивалент модального глагола may.

One might speak everything he wanted in Hyde Park.

One will be allowed to speak everything he wants in Hyde Park. Вариант J Russia

1. Прочтите и переведите текст.

1. Russia is the world's largest country, stretching over eastern Europe and northern Asia. It covers twice the territory of either the US or China. Russia is bounded in the west by Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, and the Ukraine and is bounded in the south by Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China and

Noth Korea.

2. Russia displays a variety of land-forms and environments. Russia is located on two main plains -the Russian (East European) Plain and the West Siberian Plain. The Ural Mountains, the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia, run for over 2,000 kilometres from north to south.

3. Russia is a land of long rivers and deep lakes. The broad Volga River system is of great historic, economic and cultural importance to Russia. It is the Longest river in Europe extending 3700 kilometres from Valdai Hills to the Caspian Sea. Russia has also several sizable lakes. The Caspian Sea, partially within the territoru of the country, is the world's largest inland body of water. Lake Baikal, in Eastern Siberia, is the deepest lake in the world.

4. Russia's climate is markedly continental, with cold winters and mild or warm summers, depending on latitude. The tundra's ground is solidly frozen most of the year. The taiga gives way southward to a zone of deciduous forests.

15

14

And Southern Russia is covered with mixed forest-steppe that gives way to true steppe, which is grass-covered and almost treeless.

5. Russia is among the world's richest countries in mineral resources. It produces coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper and others.

6. The population of Russia is about 150 million people. Members of more than 60 other ethnic groups also live in Russia, and about 25 of these minorities have their own autonomous republics within the Russian Federation.

7. The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993. According to the Constitution Russia is a Presidential Republic. The President is elected for four years and is the head of the State. The Federal Government consists of three brunches: legislative, executive and judicial. All of them are checked by the President.

8. Russia has always played an important role in the world. It is one of its leading powers.

2.Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 абзац. 2. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice, определите время и вид сказуемого, переведите предложения.

• The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993.

• Russia's chemical industry has always been well developed.

• After 1870 the fast railway engineering in Russia was stimulated by industrial boom.

• To the north of the capital medieval Russian towns are situated.

4. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; переведите предложения.

• The climate in the central part of Russia can be considered as mild.

• We may see steppes in the south; plains and forests in the midlands; tundra and taiga in the North; highlands and deserts in the East.

• The longest rivers must be considered Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia.

5.Письмснно ответьте на вопросы.

• What is the geographical position of Russia?

• What mineral resources does Russia have?

• What leading towns of Russia do you know? What is the structure of the government of Russia?

6. Найдите в тексте и объясните формы образования

множественного числа существительных, подчеркните их. Вариант 2 Great Britain

1. Прочтите и переведите текст.

l.The British Isles lie off the north-west coast of continental Europe. They are made up of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Northern Ireland. The total area of the British Isles is 121,000 square miles. The country

is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Irish Sea, which is between Great Britain and Ireland.

2. In Britain the higher lands are found in the north and west. There are no high mountains in Britain. The chief rivers are the Severn and the Thames. The climate of Great Britain is mild. It is not too hot in summer and too cold in winter. It often rains in England.

3.The population of Great Britain is nearly 60 million people. The population lives mostly in towns and cities and their suburbs. Four out of every five people live in towns. The British nation consists of the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish. There are many people of all colours and races in the United Kingdom. The official language is English.

5. The UK is a parliamentary monarchy. The British Parliament consists of two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is the head of the Government. The main political parties of Great Britain are the Labour Party, the Liberal Party, the Conservative Party.

6. The United Kingdom has some mineral resources. Coal and oil are the most important of them. The United Kingdom is one of the world's most industrialized countries. The main industrial centres are Sheffield, Birmingham, Cardiff, Manchester, Belfast and others. Agriculture takes an important sector in economy of the country. The British people grow wheat, fruit, vegetables, oats.

7. The Union Flag, approved in 1801, is a combination of the banners of England (St. George's flag, which has a horizontal red cross on a white field), Scotland (St. Andrew's flag, which has a white cross on a blue background) and Ireland (St. Patrick's flag with a red cross on a white field). The flag is called "The Union Jack".

8. London is the capital of Great Britain. It covers more than 600 square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs, including the City, the West End, the East End and houses over 12 million people. British has more living symbols of its past than many other countries, and there are many ancient buildings like the House of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, or St. Paul's Cathedral in its capital. London is packed with interest and it's all in colour. So whether you're new to the city, or you've visited it before there will be something exciting in London.

2. Письменно переведите 7 абзац.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice, определите время и вид сказуемого, переведите предложения.

• The flag is called "The Union Jack".

• A few years after the last Roman troops had been withdrawn, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes came from north-central Europe.

• In 1066 England was invaded by William the Conqueror.

• About 70% of all the houses in London are occupied by their owners.

16

17

3. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; переведите предложения.

• It can rain all day long in England.

• One may see people of all colours and races in the UK.

• "Great Britain" is a geographical expression but "The United Kingdom" must be a political expression.

4. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

• What is the geographical position of the USA?

• What mineral resources does the USA have?

• What leading towns of the USA do you know? What is the structure of the government of the USA?

6. Найдите в тексте и объясните формы образования

множественного числа существительных, подчеркните их. Вариант 3 The USA 1. Прочтите и переведите текст.

1. The United States of America (USA) is one of the largest countries in the world. The population of the USA is about 250 million people. The USA has fifty states. Its capital is Washington, D.C.

2. In the north the USA borders on Canada and in the South it borders on Mexico. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. Hawaii, which became the 50^th state in 1959, is situated in the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is separated from Russia by the Bering Strait. It is the biggest state of the country.

3. As the USA is a large country, the climate is different in different regions. For example, the Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and warm, dry summers, but the eastern continental region is watered with rainfall. The region around the Great Lakes has changeable weather. There are many mountains in the USA. The main river in the country is the Mississipi. There are five Great Lakes between the USA and Canada.

4. There are many big cities in the country. New York is the city of social contrasts, financial and business centre of the USA. Boston has three universities in it. Chicago is one of the biggest industrial cities in the USA. Detroit is one of the biggest centres of the automobile industry. Hollywood is the centre of the US film business. The USA has an Academy of Science. There are many scientific institutions, museums, libraries, theatres and other interesting places in the country.

5. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is rich in mineral resources, such as salt, aluminium, copper and others. It produces coal, iron ore, natural gas, oil. Such industries as machine-building, shipbuilding are highly developed in the country. American agriculture produces a lot of food products: grain, fruit, vegetables.

18

6. The United States of America is a federal union, consisting of fifty states, with the District of Columbia as the seat of the national government. The President is the head of the state, of the federal government and he chooses its ministers, called 'cabinet leaders'. Congress consists of two houses, The House of Representatives and the Senate. In the USA there are two main political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

7. Washington, the capital of the USA was named in honour of the First president, George Washington. It is located on the north bank of the Potomac River. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the USA. It has little industry. Washington looks different from other cities. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall. The Capitol is the tallest building in Washington. This is where laws are made. The White House is home of every president of the United States.

2. Письменно переведите 5 и 6 абзацы.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice, определите время и вид сказуемого, переведите предложения.

Washington, the capital of the USA was named in honour of the first president, George Washington.

• Such industries as machine-building, shipbuilding are highly developed in the country.

• The Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia, and the Liberty Bell told the people in streets that a new country had been born.

• New York is being visited by tourists from all the countries all the year.

4. Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложения.

• No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.

• Chicago can be considered the biggest industrial city of the USA.

• There must be many tourists in the USA. 5.Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

• What is the geographical position of the USA?

• What mineral resources does the USA have?

• What leading towns of the USA do you know?

- What is the structure of the government of the USA? 6. Найдите в тексте и объясните формы образования

множественного числа существительных, подчеркните их. Вариант 4 Australia 1. Прочтите и переведите текст

19

1 .Australians is the only nation that occupies a whole continent of 7.7 million square kilometres. It also occupies a number of islands (the main one of which is Tasmania). It is the sixth largest country area after Russia, Canada, China, the United States of America and Brazil. It's located to the south of Asia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Australia is the flattest continent after Antarctica. It is also the world's driest continent.

2. Australia has a wide climate range, from tropical in the north to temperate in the south-east. Australia is situated in the southern hemisphere. That's why it has summer when we have winter. January is the hottest month in Australia.

3. Australia has a population of about 18 million people. 70 percent of the population live in its 10 largest cities. Canberra is the capital of Australia. It is not the biggest city. Sydney and Melbourne are much bigger. Australia is a multicultural society. People from about 200 nations live there. The aborigines, the Australian natives, represent about 1.5 percent of the population. Australia's official language is English. Australian English does not differ significantly from other forms of English, although some expressions are unique to Australia.

4. Canberra became the capital of the country in 1927. Federal Government works in Canberra in government buildings. The Commonwealth Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The governor-general is appointed by the Queen as her representative. He may prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the House of Representatives.

5. Australia is an agricultural and industrial country. It is rich in coal, nickel, zink, gold. And it is one of the most important producers of metals and minerals. It exports wool, metal, fruit, sugar. Its research was mainly directed at agricultural and grazing problems, but in 1937 it extended its activities in industry, research on plants, plant fibres, wool textile, chemistry, physics, lubricants and bearings. The Australian contribution to research was connected with geography, geology, botany, zoology and anthropology in which Australia affords material not obtainable elsewhere.

6. The most peculiar feature in Australia's animals is the poach. The best- known are kangaroo, the koala bear, the possum. There are 800 varieties of birds in Australia. Among them are eagles, hawks, parrots, cockatoos. The Emu and the kangaroo are represented on the emblem of Australia. The Emu is a large bird which cannot fly, but runs well.

7. Australians love sports. In 1956 the Olimpic Games were held in Melbourne. In 2000 Australia hosted the Olimpics in Sydney.

2.Переведите письменно 5 абзац.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения в Passive Voice, определите время и вид сказуемого, переведите предложения.

20

• The Emu and the kangaroo are represented on the emblem of Australia.

• The Australian contribution to research was connected with geography.

• By the beginning of the 17^th century Australia had been discovered

by

Dutch explorers.

- In 1956 the Olimpic Games were held in Melbourne. 4.Перепишите предложения. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами и поставьте их в прошедшую и будущую форму времени Simple, активного залога; определите функцию модального глагола и переведите предложения.

• The Emu is a large bird which cannot fly, but runs well.

• You may see most exotic animals in Australia.

• There must be many tourists in Australia. 5.Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

• What is the geographical position of Australia?

• What mineral resources does Australia have?

• What leading towns of Australia do you Know?

• What is the structure of the government of Australia? 6. Найдите в тексте и объясните формы образования

множественного числа существительных, подчеркните их. Вариант 5 Canada 1. Прочтите и переведите текст.

1. Canada is one of the largest countries in the world. It covers more than one third of North America. Canada spreads from the Atlantic right across the prairies and the Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; and northwards to the bare but beautiful Yukon and the ice-covered islands of the Arctic.

2. The total population is about 26 million people. Though Canada has a large area, it has few people. Most Canadians live on a strip of land less than 320 km wide, along the southern border. Canada has four very distinct seasons. It can be very hot in summer and cold in winter.

3. Canada has some mineral resources; among them are coal, oil, iron, gold, silver, copper, lead and uranium. Canada's great natural resource is its forests, which cover about two thirds of its lands. From the usable forests Canadians produce millions of dollar's worth of lumber, pulp, and paper.

4. More than half of all people in Canada live in southern Quebec and Ontario. Quebec is Canada's oldest province and its largest. This province was settled by the French, and people still follow French customs. Quebec is the largest province in size. Ontario is the largest in population. It is Canada's economic centre and major force in national politics.

5. Ottawa, the capital of Canada, lies on the border between Quebec and Ontario. It is the political and administrative centre of the nation. Most

21

national cultural institutions, including museums, archives, the National Gallery, and the National Art Centre are in the city.

6. Canada has a democratic parliament. It is situated in Ottawa and consists of the House of Commons, whose members are elected and the Senate, whose members are appointed. Canada now belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations. Queen Elizabeth II is still the Queen of Canada. But ties with Great Britain are not so strong as they were.

7. The maple leaf has been associated with Canada since thl700s. It has become the country's most important symbol since the national flag was introduced in 1965.

8. Canada has one of the world's highest living standards. It has an extensive social security network, including old age pension, unemployment insurance and welfare.