16.8 Выразите свое мнение по каждому высказыванию на тему Electronic Games — a Summary of the Risks:

1. Playing violent computer and video games may encourage aggres­sive behavior.

2. Electronic games can make you more than a spectator of vio­lence; they are designed to make you feel like a participant.

3. For the impressionable, games may blur the distinction between reality and fantasy.

4. Like an addiction, game playing can lead to neglect of important obligations and relationships.

5. Games can consume time that children should spend on other important activities, such as studying, interacting with others, and playing creatively.

6. Prolonged staring at the screen can cause eyestrain.

7. Lack of exercise, a possible result of game playing, can lead to obesity.

8. Games can rob you of money and time.

16.9 Прочитай, переведи текст effects on health и расположи абзацы в правильной последовательности:

1. Reportedly, some 40 percent of u.s. children between five and eight years of age are clinically obese. Likely contributing to the prob­lem is a lack of exercise because of too much time spent in front of the tv or computer screen. One company has even developed exercise equipment that can be used while playing computer games. Obviously, though, it would be far better to limit the time spent playing such games, leaving ample time for other activities that help a child to develop a well-rounded personality.

2. Neglect of schoolwork can easily result. A Japanese study showed that computer games stimulate only a limited part of a child’s brain. According to the study, children need more reading, writing, and arith­metic. But for their brains to develop fully, they also need the stimula­tion of playing outside with other children and interacting with others.

3. Statistics from the united states show that the average sixth-grade student watches four hours of television per day — and that does not even include the time he spends playing games while staring at a com­puter or a TV screen.

4. Another health issue: eye problems may result from staring at a screen for great lengths of time. Surveys show that at least a quarter of all computer users experience visual problems. One reason is that the blink rate may slow down, causing dryness and irritation of the eye. Blinking clears the eye, simulating tear production and washing out contaminants.

5. With their limited measure of self-awareness, children can play computer games for hours on end, with few breaks. This may cause eyestrain and focusing problems. Experts suggest taking regular breaks of several minutes after each hour of computer use.

MODAL VERBS

К модальным глаголам не добавляются окончания. За ними всегда стоит глагол без to. Модальные глаголы стоят на первом месте в вопросах и к ним добавляется not в отрицаниях. Обычно не изменяются по временам, употребляется только в настоящем и ближайшем будущем.

MUST употребляется только в настоящем и ближайшем будущем для выражения:

• необходимости, обязанности: You must stop when the traffic light is red.

• запрета: You mustn’t park here.

• настоятельной рекомендации: You must behave yourself at school.

• логического заключения: They must be the boy’s parents.

HAVE (GOT) TO употребляется для выражения вынужденной необходимости: I have to wear a uniform at work.

Вопросы отрицания формируются с помощью do, does или did.

NEEDN’T – нет необходимости что-то делать: The farmer needn’t/doesn’t need to buy any eggs.

DIDN’T NEED TO + infinitive – действие не было совершено, т.к. не было необходимости: They didn’t need to cut any more wood.

NEEDN’T HAVE + V₃ – действие было совершено, но не было необходимости: You needn’t have bought me a gift.

CAN/COULD употребляется для выражения:

• физической возможности: He can fly an aeroplane. I could ski very well when I was young.

• просьбы о разрешении: ‘Can I go swimming?’ ‘No, you can’t.’

• заказов: Can I get you anything from the supermarket?

• предложений: ‘What shall we do tonight?’ ‘We can go to the cinema.’

• просьб: Can you help me with my French homework please?

• отрицательных логических заключений: They can’t be strangers. I’m certain I know them.

• возможностей: ‘John is late.’ ‘He could be stuck in traffic.’

Can – настоящее, could – прошлое, be able to – для всех остальных времен.

WAS/WERE ABLE TO – однократное действие в прошлом: He was able to climb to the top of the mountain.

Could – постоянная физическая возможность в прошлом: He could run very fast when he was young. Could употребляется с глаголами чувственно-визуального восприятия и в отрицаниях.

Can’t употребляется для выражения отрицательного логического заключения: They can’t be at work. She can’t be doing her homework. He can’t have done the exercise properly. The drivers can’t have been driving slowly.

Must употребляется для выражения логического заключения: They must be on holiday. She must be writing a letter. He must have strained his back. The drivers must have been driving too fast.

MAY/MIGHT употребляется для выражения:

• просьбы разрешения (когда мы плохо знаем собеседника): ‘May I ask you another question?’ ‘Of course.’ Просто просьбы: ‘May I have a pen & some papers, please?’ ‘Here you are.’

• разрешения: Passengers may take only one item of hand luggage on board. Или отказа: Students may not wear outdoors shoes on the basketball court.

• возможности: Might + present inf.: ‘Where’s Aunt Julia?’ ‘She might still be at work.’ Might + perfect inf.: ‘The lights are still on.’ ‘Helen might have forgotten to turn them off.’ (возможно произошло) ‘Why did you run across the road?’ ‘You might have been killed.’ (могло случиться, но не случилось)

Для выражения разрешения:

• употребляется can и be allowed to чтобы выразить законы или правила: All citizens over the age of 18 can/are allowed to vote.

• употребляется could и was/were allowed to чтобы выразить разрешение на определенные действия в прошлом: I could/was allowed to go to parties when I was young.

• разница в употреблении may и be allowed to в вопросах: May I use your phone? (рядовая просьба) Are we allowed to use the office phone? (разрешается ли)

• was/were allowed to но не could употребляются для выражения разрешения на конкретное действие в прошлом: I was allowed to go to John’s party last night.

SHALL употребляется для выражения:

• предложения помощи: Shall I help you choose Mary’s present?

• предложения: Shall we go to the market today?

• просьбы о разрешении или совете: Where shall we go tonight?

Will/Would употребляется для выражения:

• просьбы: Will you hold the plate for me, please?

Should/Ought to употребляется для выражения:

• совета: You should/ought to be more careful.

• критики: You all should/ought to have tried harder.

Present Simple	I’m sure he is Spanish. I’m sure you aren’t a doctor.	He must be Spanish. You can’t be a doctor.
Present Continuous	I’m certain they’re hiding. I’m sure they won’t be leaving tomorrow.	They must be hiding. They can’t be leaving tomorrow.
Perfect	I’m certain she has left. I’m sure she didn’t lie. I’m certain he hadn’t phoned.	She must have left. She can’t have lied. He can’t have phoned.
Perfect Continuous	I’m sure they were waiting. I’m certain she has been crying. I’m certain he hadn’t been trying hard.	They must have been waiting. She must have been crying. He can’t have been trying hard.
Present Simple	Perhaps she is a nurse. It’s possible he will come early.	She might be a nurse. He might come early.
Present Continuous	Perhaps they are having a break. It’s likely we will be moving house soon.	They might be having a break. We might be moving house soon.
Perfect	Perhaps he left yesterday. It`s possible she has locked the door. It`s likely he had gone out.	He might have left yesterday. She might have locked the door. He might have gone out.
Perfect Continuous	It`s possible they were sleeping. Perhaps it has been raining there.	They might have been sleeping. It might have been raining there.