13.7 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст molecular electronics:

Molecular electronics is a new concept of electronic systems. Basically, it seeks to integrate into a solid block of the material the functions performed by electronic circuits or even whole systems. Its goal is to rearrange the internal physical properties of the solid in such a way that phenomena occurring within or between domains of mole­cules will perform a function ordinarily achieved through the use of an assembly of electronic components.

Molecular electronics is the most forward-looking of several mod­ern approaches to the development of small, reliable, efficient electron­ic systems. Almost all of them attempt to perform the required electron­ic functions in solid semiconductor-type materials. Molecular electronics, however, is unique in its goal of going away with the tradi­tional concept of circuit components.

Should this goal be fully realized, or even partially so, it would extend the capabilities of electronic systems well beyond that which can be achieved today. In addition to lowering size and weight, increasing reliability and reducing power requirements, molecular blocks could make possible the execution of tasks now too complex to be performed economically by conventional methods and permit the performance of electronic functions which cannot be achieved at all with lumped (отдельный) components.

13.8 Прочитай отрывок из стихотворения “chip fabrication”, написанного одним из редакторов журнала ieee Transactions on Electron Devices и дай подстрочный (или стихотворный) перевод:

CHIP FABRICATION

We use an essential trick

With gallium and arsenic

To make the crystals that we need;

A fabrication line to feed.

We heat them up until they fuse,

A pressure cooker’s what we use.

We put a perfect crystal in

And then we draw it out again.

And so a bigger crystal grows

For hours and hours and no one knows

Exactly what it’s going to be

Until it’s finished. Its O.D.

Is constant or approximate.

And some of us can hardly wait

Until to cylinder its ground

And cut in slices almost round

And polish till you see your face.

Of any defects there’s no trace.

And now the part the growers hate,

We have to start to fabricate.

13.9 Ответь на вопросы:

1. What is the physical nature of semiconductors?

2. How does semiconductor behave at lower than room temperatures?

3. Why is a crystal of pure silicon a poor conductor?

4. What is the process of doping?

5. In what ways are the areas to be doped defined?

6. What are the main dopants?

7. What role do the holes play in the conduction process?

8. What particles are the carriers of electric current in a p-type semi­conductor?

9. What is the simplest semiconductor device and how does it operate?

10. What technological processes are used in the fabrication of inte­grated circuits?

11. What is understood by the planar technology?

12. How are the problems of tighter control of impurity diffusion solved?

13. Which techniques are referred to as direct methods of film prepa­ration and which of them as indirect? (Describe briefly each of the techniques used.)

14. What makes the automation of crystal growing equipment a ne­cessity?

THE FUTURE TENSES

The Future Simple употребляется для выражения:

• предсказаний будущего, обычно с глаголами think, believe, expect; выражениями be sure, be afraid; наречиями perhaps, certainly, probably: His parents think he will become an artist one day.

• неожиданных решений и предложений: I’ll take this jacket. Since it’s your birthday, I’ll pay for lunch.

• событий, ситуаций, которые точно произойдут в будущем, и которые невозможно контролировать: Jill will be two years old next month.

• обещаний, обычно с глаголами promise, swear, guarantee, угроз, предупреждений, просьб, обозначения надежды, обычно с I hope: I hope pollution levels will drop soon. Factories must stop polluting the air or else we won’t be able to breathe.

Индикаторы: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month/year, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ			ВОПРОС
I We	shall V1		I We	shan’t V1		Shall	I we	V1?
He She It You They	will V1		He She It You They	won’t V1		Will	he she it you they	V1?

The Future Continuous употребляется для выражения:

• действия, которое произойдет в обозначенное время в будущем: This time next week, I’ll be skiing in Austria.

• действия, которое произойдет в будущем в результате обыденности или договоренности: ‘Shall I inform the rest of the team?’ ‘No, I’ll do it. I’ll be seeing them at the meeting anyway’.

• действия в будущем, когда мы вежливо спрашиваем о чьих-либо планах (совпадают ли наши желания с их планами): ‘Will you be going out later?’ ‘Yes. Why?’ ‘Could you get me a sandwich, please?’

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ		ВОПРОС
I We	shall be Ving	I We	shan’t be Ving	Shall	I we	be Ving?
He She It You They	will be Ving	He She It You They	won’t be Ving	Will	he she it you they	be Ving?

The Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет закончено до обозначенного времени в будущем: They will have finished their meeting by four o’clock this afternoon.

 Индикаторы: by, by the time, before, until, by then, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ		ВОПРОС
I We	shall have V3/ed	I We	shan’t have V3/ed	Shall	I we	have V3/ed?
He She It You They	will have V3/ed	He She It You They	won’t have V3/ed	Will	he she it you they	have V3/ed?

The Future Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения длительности действия до определенного времени в будущем: By the time Rick retires, he will have been working for the same company for thirty years. 

Индикаторы: by … for.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ			ВОПРОС
I We	shall have been Ving	I We	shan’t have been Ving	Shall		I we	have been Ving?
He She It You They	will have been V3/ed	He She It You They	won’t have been V3/ed	Will		he she it you they	have been Ving?

WILL / SHALL

• WILL YOU …? употребляется для выражения просьбы: Will you open the door for me, please? 

• WON’T употребляется для выражения отказа: I’ve talked to Sue about her decision to leave, but she won’t listen.

SHALL I/WE …? употребляется для:

1. выражения предложения: Shall I give you a hand with those bags?

2. выражения совета: Shall we wait until the rain stops?

3. получения инструкции: What shall I do with all these letters? Put them on my desk.

Present Simple используется в значении будущего, когда мы ссылаемся на программы или расписания (поезда, автобусы и т.д.):  The film starts in ten minutes. (расписание кинотеатра)

Be going to употребляется для выражения:

• планов на будущее, намерений или стремлений:I’m going to employ more staff. I’m going to expand my company.

• предвидений ближайшего будущего: Look at him! He is going to win the race.

• The Future Simple не употребляется после while, before, until, as soon as, after, if, by the time или as. Вместо этого употребляется The Present Simple или Present Perfect: I’ll wait until you finish/have finished. А не: until you will finish.

•  When (= в какое время) употребляется, как вопросительное слово, за ним следует The Future Simple: When will I know the results? I can’t tell when it will be ready.

• When (= в то время) употребляется, как временное слово и за ним следует The Present Simple: He’ll call us when he gets there.

If может следовать за The Future simple только после выражений, которые выражают незнание, неуверенность I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder: I wonder if he will be on time. Но: If you see him, tell him about the party.

После by the time, until, before, употребляется The Present Simple в придаточных времени. The Future Perfect и The Future Perfect Continuous могут стоять как перед, так и после них: I will have tidied up by the time you get back. By the time she finishes work, we will have been waiting for more than an hour.