9.4 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст integrated circuit development:

Three factors have contributed to the rapid development growth in the number of circuit elements per chip.

One factor is improvement in techniques for growing large single crystals of pure silicon. By increasing the diameter of the wafers - the discs of silicon on which chips are manufactured - more chips can be made at one time, reducing the unit cost.

Moreover, the quality of the material has also been improved, re­ducing the number of defects per wafer. This has the effect of increas­ing the maximum practical size of a chip because it reduces the prob­ability that a defect will be found within a given area. The chip size for large-scale integrated circuits has grown from less than 10,000 square mils (thousandths of an inch) to 70,000.

A second factor is improvement in optical lithography, the pro­cess whereby all the patterns that make up a circuit are ultimately trans­ferred to the surface of the silicon. By developing optical systems ca­pable of resolving finer structures, the size of a typical transistor, as measured by the gate length, has been reduced from a few thousandths of an inch in 1965 to 0.15 microns today.

Finally, refinements in circuit structure that make more efficient use of silicon area have led to a hundredfold increase in the density of transistors on the chip.

9.5 Прочитай, переведи текст integrated circuits: a brief history и расположи абзацы в правильной последовательности:

1. The next major step in semiconductors was the invention of the first monolithic integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in I960. Their integrated devices consisted of many solid-state tran­sistors that were manufactured and interconnected internally on a single semiconductor substrate. The typical minimum feature size in these early products was greater than 20 mm, significantly smaller than some of their discrete transistor counterparts. The ability to in­terconnect the devices internally allowed more complex functions to be performed by a single device. Interconnection also made it possi­ble to pack a larger amount of function into areas far smaller than was possible with discrete transistors. It was the invention of the “in­tegrated circuit” that ushered in the modern microelectronics era, and it is still adaptations of that basic product that fuel the semicon­ductor industry.

2. The semiconductor industry can trace its roots back to the inven­tion of the first semiconductor transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947. Their crude device was assembled from a small piece of germanium, some gold foil, a pa­per clip, and several pieces of plastic. Though crudely constructed, it performed its function of using a voltage to switch an electrical current on or off quite well. This simple device is the parent of all of the vari­ous semiconductor transistor devices produced over the years, includ­ing computer microprocessors, memory chips, and solid state power amplification circuits.

3. The new transistor found a home in a number of markets where it could replace bulky and troublesome vacuum tubes (radios and tele­visions), and it created new markets that were invented specifically to exploit its use. The discrete transistor was quickly incorporated in everything from telephone equipment to pocket-sized transistor ra­dios. It is interesting to note that the size of the parts in these early discrete devices were of the order of tenths of an inch. By the late 1950s, the discrete transistor market was worth an estimated $ 1 bil­lion annually.

THE NUMERIALS

Числительные обозначают количество предметов или порядок предметов при счете.

Числительные делятся на количественные, отвеча­ющие на вопрос «сколько?», и порядковые, отвечаю­щие на вопрос «который?».

Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 образу­ются прибавлением суффикса -teen к основе.

Числительные, обозначающие десятки, имеют суф­фикс -ty. Порядковые числительные кроме первых трех (first, second, third) образуются прибавлением суффик­са -th или -eth к соответствующим количественным числительным. Существительные с порядковыми чис­лительными всегда употребляются с определенным ар­тиклем.

Количественные	Порядковые	10 ten	the tenth
СКОЛЬКО?	КАКОЙ ПО СЧЕТУ?	11 eleven	the eleventh
1 one	the first первый	12 twelve	the twelfth
2 two	the second второй	thirteen	the thirteenth the twentieth
3 three	the third третий	fourteen	the fourteenth
4 four	the fourth четвертый	fifteen	the fifteenth
5 five	the fifth	sixteen	the sixteenth
6 six	the sixth	seventeen	the seventeenth
7 seven	the seventh	eighteen	the eighteenth
8 eight	the eighth	nineteen	the nineteenth
9 nine	the ninth	twenty	twentieth

Десятки:

20 twenty —the twentieth 30 thirty — the thirtieth 40 forty — the fortieth 50 fifty — the fiftieth 60 sixty — the sixtieth 70 seventy-the seventieth 80 eighty — the eightieth 90 ninety - the ninetieth

Составные числительные:

twenty-one — the twenty-first twenty-two — the twenty-second thirty-three - the thirty-third forty-four — the forty-fourth fifty-five — the fifty-fifth sixty-six — the sixty-sixth

Числительные от 100 и больше: 100 — a (one) hundred 101 - a (one) hundred and one 200 - two hundred 1000 - (one) thousand 1001 — a (one) thousand and one 5,550 — five thousand five hundred and fifty 5,000,000 - five million 1500 - fifteen hundred

100th — the hundredth 101st - the one hundred and first 200th — the two hundredth 1000th - the thousandth

Числительные hundred, thousand, million не имеют окончания -s, когда перед ними стоит другое числи­тельное. Когда числительные обозначают неопределенное количество, они употребляются во множественном числе с окончанием -s, за которым следует предлог of.

hundreds of books two hundred books

thousands of books five thousand books

millions of people 2 million people

Номера страниц, домов, квартир, транспорта, обо­значаются не порядковыми, а количественными числи­тельными. В этих случаях существительные употреб­ляются без артикля: page 15, house 40, flat 13, bus 72.

КАК ЧИТАЮТСЯ ДАТЫ?

Числительное, обозначающее год, делится на две ча­сти — число сотен, а затем — число десятков и единиц. 1900 — nineteen hundred, in (the year) nineteen hundred

2000 — two thousand, in (the year) two thousand 1905 — nineteen five, in (the year) nineteen five Даты можно читать так: April 12, 2001, on the twelfth of April, two thousand one, on April the twelfth, two thousand one

Как читаются дробные числительные?

Простые Десятичные

1/2 - a (one) half; 0.1-0 [ou] point one

1/4 — a (one) quarter 2.45 - two point four five

2/3 — two thirds 35.25 — three five (или thirty- five) point two five

1.5— one and a half