14.8 Закончи предложения:

1. A boundary surveyor’s job is

1. to mark the comers of the land boundaries desired by a customer.

2. to provide some relevant data.

3. to locate marks on the ground.

2. Pegs are used to

1. verify the boundaries.

2. locate boundaries.

3. make work safe.

3. To establish boundary positions

1. evidence of the existing records is used.

2. the distance between points on a previous survey is measured.

3. the global positioning system is set up.

4. Checks are made by

1. marking the corners in the field.

2. measuring the distance between pegs.

3. subdividing land.

5. Many properties have problems regarding

1. abutting them.

2. multiple divisions of a land piece.

3. improper calculations.

14.9 Прочитай, переведи текст surveying equipment и заполни пропуски:

1. The height of the staff where the level beam crosses the staff is shown on a digital display. This type of level removes interpolation of graduation by a person, thus removing a source of error and increasing accuracy.

2. An automatic level, self-levelling level or builder’s auto level, includes an internal compensator mechanism (a swinging prism) that, when set close to level, automatically removes any remaining variation from level.

3. A modem theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes — the horizontal or tmnnion, and the vertical axis.

4. Measurement generally starts from a benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey, or an arbitrary point with an assumed height.

5. Half of the difference between the two positions is called the index error.

6. It is set up on a tripod and, depending on the type, either roughly or accurately set to a levelled condition using levelling screws. The operator looks through the eyepiece of the telescope while an assistant holds a tape measure or graduated staff vertical at the point under measurement.

7. Before its use, a l heodolite must be placed precisely and vertically over the point lo be measured — centering — and its vertical axis aligned with local gravity — levelling.

8. The optical axis of the telescope, called the sight axis and defined by the optical center of the objective and the center of the crosshairs in its focal plane, must similarly be perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

9. Their existence is taken into account in the choice of the measurement procedure in order to eliminate their effect on the measurement results.

As late as the 1990s the basic tools used in planar surveying were a tape measure, a theodolite and a level.

A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work, particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. _ . When the telescope is pointed at a desired object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically on the scale of arcseconds.

Both axes of a theodolite are equipped with graduated circles that can be read out through magnifying lenses. The vertical circle should read 90° when the sight axis is horizontal, or 270° when the instmment is in its second position, that is, turned over or plunged. _ .

The horizontal and vertical axes of a theodolite must be perpendicular. The condition where they deviate from perpendicularity and the amount by which they do is referred to as a horizontal axis error. _ .

Any deviation from perpendicularity is the collimation error.

A horizontal axis error, a collimation error, and an index error are regularly determined by calibration and are removed by mechanical adjustment at the factory in case they grow large. _ .

A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate containing four thumbscrews, or in some modern theodolites, three, for rapid leveling. _ .

The level instrument is an optical instrument used in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels. _ .

The instrument and staff are used to gather and/or transfer elevations (levels) during site surveys or building construction. _ .

_. This reduces the need to set the instrument truly level, as with a dumpy or tilting level. Self-levelling instruments are the preferred instrument on building sites, construction and surveying due to ease of use and rapid setup time.

A digital electronic level is also set level on a tripod and reads a bar-coded staff using electronic laser methods. _ .

PASSIVE VOICE

The Passive употребляется для выражения:

• действия, которое было совершено неизвестным, неважным или ясным из контекста лицом: Mrs. Archer’s ruby ring was stolen from her house last night.

• действия более важного, чем лицо, совершающее действие. в обзорах новостей, статьях, официальных записях, инструкций, рекламы:

Two teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night.

• более вежливого высказывания:

My new blouse is ruined. Вместо: You’ve ruined my blouse.

В Passive обычно не употребляются The Present Perfect Continuous, The Future Continuous, The Past Perfect Continuous и The Future Perfect Continuous.

В разговорной речи часто заменяют to be на to get:

Mary got run over by a car while she was crossing the street.

Present Simple	am/is/are v3	Future Simple	will be v3
Present Continuous	am/is/are being v3	Future Perfect	will have been v3
Past Simple	was/were v3	Present Infinitive	(to) be v3
Past Continuous	was/were being v3	Perfect infinitive	(to) have v3
Present Perfect	have/has been v3	Continuous Infinitive	being v3
Past Perfect	had been v3	Modals	modal be v3

Для изменения предложения из active в passive:

• дополнение становится подлежащим

• сказуемое остается в том же времени

• перед дополнение в passive (бывшее подлежащее active) ставится by или оно опускается

• если за сказуемым стоит дополнение предложение может быть изменено в passive:

Peter feeds the cows. –> The cows are fed by Peter.

• by + дополнение употребляется, чтобы сказать кто или что совершает действие. With + инструмент/ материал/ ингредиент:

A kite was made by John. It was made with paper, paint & string.

• если подлежащее в passive: people, one, someone, somebody, they, he, etc., дополнение обычно опускается:

People eat a lot of junk food nowadays. -> A lot of junk food is eaten nowadays.

• дополнения me, you, him, etc. в active становятся подлежащими I, you, he, etc. в passive:

They rescued me. -> I was rescued.

• с глаголами bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, throw, write, award, hand, sell, owe, grant, allow, feed, pass, post, read, take, offer, give, pay и lend можно сделать два разных предложения в passive: Jessica showed Rod some photos. -> Rod was shown some photos by Jessica.(этот вариант предпочтительнее)/Some photos were shown to Rod by Jessica.

• если в active за сказуемым следует предлог, то в passive он сохраняется:

Jane looks after the baby. -> The baby is looked after by Jane.

• вопросы в passive строятся по схеме Who/What … by?:

Who was the camera invented by? What was the explosion caused by?

С глаголами think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc. можно личные и безличные формы в passive:

Active	Passive безличный	Passive личный
People say that he has lost his job.	It is said he has lost his job.	He is said to have lost his job.
People know that she works hard.	It is known she works hard.	She is known to work hard.
People think he left the country last night.	It is thought he left the country last night.	He is thought to have left the country last night.

Конструкция have something done используется, чтобы сказать, что кто-то что-то делает для нас: Sandra is having her car repaired at the moment.

• Вопросы и отрицания образуются при помощи do/does/did:

Do you have your hair cut every month? Did she have the house cleaned?

• Have something done используется чтобы сказать, что произошло что-то неприятное:

Mary had her purse stolen yesterday.

Get можно употреблять вместо have в неформальном общении:

We must get the fridge repaired soon.