13.4 Ответь на вопросы:

1. What experts does civil engineering depend on?

2. What areas and structures are surveyors involved in?

3. What does a surveyor’s work include?

4. What scientific knowledge must a surveyor have?

5. Should a surveyor be good at legal aspects in his work?

6. Should a surveyor be able to operate surveying instruments?

7. Why is surveying a distinct profession apart from engineering in the USA?

8. What is required to get a qualification of a surveyor?

13.5 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст modern theodolites:

In today’s theodolites, the reading out of the horizontal and vertical circles is usually done electronically. The readout is done by a rotary encoder, which can be absolute, e.g. using Gray codes, or incremental, using equidistant light and dark radial bands. In the latter case the circles spin rapidly, reducing angle measurement to electronic measurement of time differences. Additionally, lately computer-controlled display sensors have been added to the focal plane of the telescope allowing both auto-targeting and the automated measurement of residual target offset. All this is implemented in embedded software.

Also, many modern theodolites, costing up to $ 10,000 apiece, are equipped with integrated electro-optical distance measuring devices, generally infrared based, allowing the measurement in one go of complete three-dimensional vectors which can then be transformed to a pre-existing co-ordinate system in the area by means of a sufficient number of control points. This technique is called a resection solution or free station position surveying and is widely used in mapping surveying. The instruments, “intelligent” theodolites called self-registering tacheometers or “total stations”, perform the necessary operations, saving data into internal registering units, or into external data storage devices. Typically, ruggedized laptops are used as data collectors for this purpose.

13.6 Заполни пропуски:

1. In today’s theodolites, the _ _ of the horizontal and vertical

2. _ is usually done _ . The readout is done by a rotary_ _, which can be absolute, e.g. using Gray codes,

3. or incremental, using _ light and dark radial _ .

4. In the latter case the circles _ rapidly, reducing angle to electronic _ of time differences.

5. Additionally, lately computer-controlled_ sensors have been added to the focal plane of the telescope _ both auto-tnrgeting and the _ measurement of residual target offset.

6. All this is _ in embedded software.

7. Also, many modern theodolites, costing up to _ apiece, are _ with integrated electro-optical distance measuring _ , generally infrared based, allowing the in one go of complete _ vectors which can then be _ to a pre-existing _ _ system in the area by _ of a sufficient number of control .

8. This _ is called a resection solution or free station position _ and is widely used in surveying. The instruments, “intelligent” theodolites called _ tacheometers or “total stations”, the necessary operations,_ _ data into internal registering units, or into external data _ devices. Typically, ruggedized _ are used as data collectorsfor this _ .