11.8 Сопоставь данные высказывания с соответствующими абзацами из текста:

1. Beam profiles.

2. Beam forces.

3. A bending moment.

4. Beam shapes.

5. The stresses experienced by a beam.

6. The loads carried by a beam.

7. Prestressed concrete beams.

11.9 Прочитай, переведи текст framing construction и заполни пропуски:

1. A second top plate usually laps the first plate at the comers and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an additional tie to the framed walls.

2. A multi ple-stud post made up of at least three studs is generally used at exterior comers and intersections to secure a good tie between adjoining walls and to provide nailing support for the interior finish and exterior sheathing.

3. Studs, wall plates and lintels serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floor platforms, which provide the lateral strength along a wall.

4. Lintels are usually constructed of two pieces of lumber separated with spacers to the width of the studs and nailed together to form a single unit.

5. Nailing supportfor the edges of the ceiling is required at the junction of the wall and ceiling where partitions run parallel to the ceiling joists.

6. Studs, wall plates and lintels serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floors, ceiling and roof.

7. They are supported on a bottom plate or foundation sill and in turn support the top plate. Interior partitions supporting floor, ceiling or roof loads are called loadbearing walls; others are called non-loadbearing or simply partitions. Interior loadbearing walls are framed in the same way as exterior walls.

8. There are three historically common methods of framing a house.

9. The top and bottom plates are end-nailed to each stud with two nails.

10. Once the assembled sections are plumbed, they are nailed together at the corners and intersections.

Framing is a building technique based on structural members which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings are attached and covered by a roof comprising horizontal ceiling joists and sloping rafters (together forming a truss structure) or manufactured pre-fabricated roof trusses — all of which are covered by various sheathing materials to give weather resistance.

Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions, both of bearing walls and non-bearing walls. _ . The platforms may be the boxed structure of a ceiling and roof, or the ceiling and floor joists of the storey above. _ .

Post and beam framing is now used in bam construction.

Balloon framing using a technique suspending floors from the walls was common until the late 1940s, but since that time platform framing has become the predominant form of house construction.

Platform framing often forms wall sections horizontally on the sub-floor prior to erection, easing positioning of studs and increasing accuracy while cutting the necessary manpower. _ . Studs are at least doubled at openings, the jack stud being cut to receive the lintels (headers) that are placed and end-nailed through the outer studs.

Wall sheathing, usually a plywood or other laminate, is usually applied to the framing prior to erection, thus eliminating the need to scaffold. _ . Corners and intersections, however, must be framed with at least two studs. _ .

Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions. _ .

Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall sheathing and cladding are attached. _.

Lintels (headers) are the horizontal members placed over window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining studs. _ . The preferable spacer material is rigid insulation.

The complete wall sections are then raised and put in place, temporary braces added and the bottom plates nailed through the subfloor to the floor framing members. _ .A strip of polyethylene is often placed between the interior walls and the exterior wall, and above the first top plate of interior walls before the second top plate is applied to attain continuity of the air barrier when polyethylene is serving this function. _ .