17.8 Выучи наизусть один из текстов 17.2-17.7

17.9 Подготовь выступление, используя информацию данного текста:

In accordance with the customer orientation, the activities of a shipping enterprise must be implemented within the framework of a well-studied philosophy of a productive and responsible marketing. A necessary precondition of the effective shipping marketing is the understanding of the different needs the charterers and shippers have within the different segments of the market. The company has to comprehend the charterer’s behavior in every stage of the decision process, as well as the existing influences in the above process. The matching of the shipping enterprise capabilities with the needs of its clients is fundamental for the provision of the desired transport services, the satisfaction and retention of charterers and, thus, the commercial success of the enterprise.

According to the empirical research, the decisions of charterers in the tanker market are oriented to safety; the decisions of shippers in the liner market are oriented to quality; and the decisions of charterers in the dry bulk market are oriented to cost. The buying behavior of the charterer and shipper involves risk (financial, social/psychological, shipping) in the sense that any action taken by the shipper will produce consequences that he/she cannot anticipate with any certainty, and some of which are likely to be unpleasant. The chartering policy of charterers and shippers accepts many influences from exogenous factors, which are beyond the shipping enterprise’s control. The complex buying behavior of charterers/shippers is dependent largely upon the attractiveness of the company’s marketing mix (controllable factors), as well as upon the exogenous factors (non-controllable factors) of the marketing environment.

The weakness of understanding the shippers’ needs leads to the weakness of designing correct marketing plans and of providing desired transport services at acceptable freight levels. For each market segment, appropriate marketing strategies must be planned and to every segment, an appropriate marketing mix should be offered. The marketing plans must be applied correctly so that the appropriate transport service is provided to the appropriate charterer and shipper at the right time, at the proper port with the suitable vessel and at freight levels that satisfy not only the shipping company but also its client (charterer/shipper).

THE INFINITIVE

To-инфинитив употребляется для выражения:

• намерения: She went to the bank to get some money.

• особых пожеланий после would like/would love/would prefer: I would like to learn a foreign language.

• неудовлетворения результатом после only: He rushed to the back door only to discover that it was locked.

• после advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, afford, pretend, etc.; nice, sorry, glad, happy, willing, afraid, ashamed, allow, etc.: He advised me to apply for the job. He is glad to be back.

• после know, decide, ask, learn, remember, want tot know, etc. + who/what/where/how/etc. кроме why: I can’t decide where to go. I want to know why you’ve decided to leave.

• после it+be+прилагательное (+of+существительное/местоимение): It was nice of him to help.

• for + существительное употребляется с:

• глаголами arrange, hope, long, prepare, ask, wait, etc.: We’ve arranged for the plumber to come tomorrow.

• прилагательными anxious, cheap, convenient, dangerous, difficult, important, necessary, etc.: I’m anxious for Beth to go to university.

• существительными advantage, disadvantage, demand, disaster, idea, mistake, etc.: It was a mistake for you to lend him the money.

• too/enough

• to инфинитивом для выражения намерения: There are benches for people to sit on in the park.

Bare инфинитив употребляется после:

• модальных глаголов:

You must study hard.

• глаголов let, make, see, hear и feel:

They made him pay for the damage. Но в пассиве употребляется to-инфинитив.

• had better и would rather:

You had better sign the contact. I would rather go home now.

• shall, will

• За help могут следовать оба инфинитива.

The –ing form употребляется:

• как существительное:

Cycling is a popular form of exercise.

• после dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer, чтобы выразить главное предпочтение. Но would like/love/prefer употребляется с to инфинитивом, чтобы выразить специфическое предпочтение; admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go for, imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, spend, waste, lose (time, money, etc.).

• после предлогов и to с выражениями look forward to, be used to, get round to, object to, in addition to, prefer (предпочтение одного действия другому); be busy, it`s no use, it`s (no) good, it`s (not) worth, what`s the use of, can`t help, there`s no point (in), can`t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, have a hard/difficult time, confess to; complain about/with; warned about; instead of, etc.

• после глаголов hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel, чтобы описать незавершенное действие (кто-то слышал, видел и т.д. не полное действие):

I listened to James singing a song.

Но hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel с bare инфинитив для описания полного действия.

Если между двумя инфинитивами стоит and, то to второго инфинитива опускается:

He decided to go to university & study biology.

Отрицательные инфинитивы образуются при помощи not:

He decided not to accept the job. She may not to come.

• Если подлежащее инфинитива и подлежащее основного глагола совпадают, тo оно опускается: She wants (she) to leave now.

Если же подлежащее инфинитива не совпадает с подлежащим основного глагола и выражено object pronoun (me, you, them, etc.), именем или существительным, оно стоит перед инфинитивом: She wants them to leave now.

ACTIVE
Present Infinitive	to V1
Present Continuous Infinitive	to be Ving
Perfect Infinitive	to have V3
Perfect Continuous Infinitive	to have been Ving
PASSIVE
Present Infinitive	to be V3
Present Continuous Infinitive	X
Perfect Infinitive	to have been V3
Perfect Continuous Infinitive	X

Эти выражения в инфинитиве и –ing форме меняют значение:

forget to – не помнить remember to – не забыть go on to – затем mean to – намереваться regret to – сожалеть try to – сделать все возможное

stop to – прерваться be sorry to – извиниться за настоящее действие like to – считать, что что-то хорошо или правильно would like to – специфическое предпочтение

be afraid to – не хотеть что-то делать forget …ing – не забыть remember …ing – забыть go on …ing – продолжать mean …ing – означать regret …ing – сожалеть о

try …ing – экспериментировать stop …ing – закончить be sorry for …ing – извиниться за предыдущее действие like …ing – наслаждаться be afraid of …ing – опасаться последствий

TOO ставится перед прилагательными или наречиями, имеет отрицательное значение и показывает, что что-то более чем достаточно, необходимо или хочется:

Tim is too old to join the basketball team. They run too fast for me to catch up with them. This plan is too complicated for me. This ring is too expensive for me to buy.

ENOUGH ставится после прилагательных или наречий, но перед существительными, имеет утвердительное значение и показывает, что то, что необходимо или хочется имеется в достаточном количестве:

He’s clever enough to solve the problem. We’ve got enough money to go on holiday this year. We are old enough to vote. We are not old enough to vote.

Причастия настоящего времени (-ing) отвечают на вопрос «Какого рода» и описывают что есть что-то или кто-то: It’s a very tiring job. Причастия прошедшего времени (-ed) отвечают на вопрос «Как себя чувствуешь» и описывают что кто-то чувствует: He’s very tired.

Причастия употребляются для:

выражения времени: After doing/having done her homework, she watched TV. Having done her homework, she watched TV. He broke his arm (while) playing hockey.

• выражения причины: Being late, Adam took a taxi. Having spent all her money, Pam asked for a loan.

• вместо сравнительных местоимений и глаголов: The man standing at the door is my boss. The information presented in the article was invaluable.

• вместо Past Simple в повествования, для описания действий, которые происходят одно за другим: Seeing the shadow, he screamed.

для избежания повторения Past Continuous в предложении: She was climbing up a ladder carrying a bucket.