16.6 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст:

Although the selection criteria of a ship-owner by a charterer in the dry bulk carriers market are similar to those selection criteria of a ship-owner by a charterer in the tanker market, the classification of the above-mentioned criteria by charterers in order of importance is much different in the dry bulk than in the liquid bulk markets. More specifically, the categories of criteria, which play a decisive role in the selection process of the ship-owner by the charterer in the dry bulk market, are the following:

1. Low cost sea transport operations:

• transportation solutions that reduce costs and maximize results.

2. Appropriate (unselfish) chartering negotiating process:

• compliance with the chartering negotiation rules,

• provision of accurate and reliable information regarding the ship,

• cooperation and response to the charterer’s requirements.

3. Compliance with the international regulations of safety management:

• well designed and built bulk carriers,

• well maintained bulk carriers,

• training and competence of crew,

• training and competence of employees.

4. Reputation and image of the ship-owner in the shipping market:

• past loss and damage experience of the shipping company,

• reputation of the ship-owner for reliability.

5. Provision of high quality transport services:

• appropriate voyage planning,

• speedy voyage execution,

• proper loading and discharging operations without stoppages,

• reduction of turn-around time to the minimum,

• safe transportation of cargo to its destination.

6. Maintenance of good relationships with the charterer:

• good crew-charterer relationships,

• good company-charterer relationships

7. System of informing the client – charterer:

• updated information system of charterer,

• informative nature of advertising programs.

MODAL VERBS

К модальным глаголам не добавляются окончания. За ними всегда стоит глагол без to. Модальные глаголы стоят на первом месте в вопросах и к ним добавляется not в отрицаниях. Обычно не изменяются по временам, употребляется только в настоящем и ближайшем будущем.

MUST употребляется только в настоящем и ближайшем будущем для выражения:

• необходимости, обязанности: You must stop when the traffic light is red.

• запрета: You mustn’t park here.

• настоятельной рекомендации: You must behave yourself at school.

• логического заключения: They must be the boy’s parents.

HAVE (GOT) TO употребляется для выражения вынужденной необходимости: I have to wear a uniform at work.

Вопросы отрицания формируются с помощью do, does или did.

NEEDN’T – нет необходимости что-то делать: The farmer needn’t/doesn’t need to buy any eggs.

DIDN’T NEED TO + infinitive – действие не было совершено, т.к. не было необходимости: They didn’t need to cut any more wood.

NEEDN’T HAVE + V₃ – действие было совершено, но не было необходимости: You needn’t have bought me a gift.

CAN/COULD употребляется для выражения:

• физической возможности: He can fly an aeroplane. I could ski very well when I was young.

• просьбы о разрешении: ‘Can I go swimming?’ ‘No, you can’t.’

• заказов: Can I get you anything from the supermarket?

• предложений: ‘What shall we do tonight?’ ‘We can go to the cinema.’

• просьб: Can you help me with my French homework please?

• отрицательных логических заключений: They can’t be strangers. I’m certain I know them.

• возможностей: ‘John is late.’ ‘He could be stuck in traffic.’

Can – настоящее, could – прошлое, be able to – для всех остальных времен.

WAS/WERE ABLE TO – однократное действие в прошлом: He was able to climb to the top of the mountain.

Could – постоянная физическая возможность в прошлом: He could run very fast when he was young. Could употребляется с глаголами чувственно-визуального восприятия и в отрицаниях.

Can’t употребляется для выражения отрицательного логического заключения: They can’t be at work. She can’t be doing her homework. He can’t have done the exercise properly. The drivers can’t have been driving slowly.

Must употребляется для выражения логического заключения: They must be on holiday. She must be writing a letter. He must have strained his back. The drivers must have been driving too fast.

MAY/MIGHT употребляется для выражения:

• просьбы разрешения (когда мы плохо знаем собеседника): ‘May I ask you another question?’ ‘Of course.’ Просто просьбы: ‘May I have a pen & some papers, please?’ ‘Here you are.’

• разрешения: Passengers may take only one item of hand luggage on board. Или отказа: Students may not wear outdoors shoes on the basketball court.

• возможности: Might + present inf.: ‘Where’s Aunt Julia?’ ‘She might still be at work.’ Might + perfect inf.: ‘The lights are still on.’ ‘Helen might have forgotten to turn them off.’ (возможно произошло) ‘Why did you run across the road?’ ‘You might have been killed.’ (могло случиться, но не случилось)

Для выражения разрешения:

• употребляется can и be allowed to чтобы выразить законы или правила: All citizens over the age of 18 can/are allowed to vote.

• употребляется could и was/were allowed to чтобы выразить разрешение на определенные действия в прошлом: I could/was allowed to go to parties when I was young.

• разница в употреблении may и be allowed to в вопросах: May I use your phone? (рядовая просьба) Are we allowed to use the office phone? (разрешается ли)

• was/were allowed to но не could употребляются для выражения разрешения на конкретное действие в прошлом: I was allowed to go to John’s party last night.

SHALL употребляется для выражения:

• предложения помощи: Shall I help you choose Mary’s present?

• предложения: Shall we go to the market today?

• просьбы о разрешении или совете: Where shall we go tonight?

Will/Would употребляется для выражения:

• просьбы: Will you hold the plate for me, please?

Should/Ought to употребляется для выражения:

• совета: You should/ought to be more careful.

• критики: You all should/ought to have tried harder.

Present Simple	I’m sure he is Spanish. I’m sure you aren’t a doctor.	He must be Spanish. You can’t be a doctor.	Perhaps she is a nurse. It’s possible he will come early.	She might be a nurse. He might come early.
Present Continuous	I’m certain they’re hiding. I’m sure they won’t be leaving tomorrow.	They must be hiding. They can’t be leaving tomorrow.	Perhaps they are having a break. It’s likely we will be moving house soon.	They might be having a break. We might be moving house soon.
Perfect	I’m certain she has left. I’m sure she didn’t lie. I’m certain he hadn’t phoned.	She must have left. She can’t have lied. He can’t have phoned.	Perhaps he left yesterday. It`s possible she has locked the door. It`s likely he had gone out.	He might have left yesterday. She might have locked the door. He might have gone out.
Perfect Continuous	I’m sure they were waiting. I’m certain she has been crying. I’m certain he hadn’t been trying hard.	They must have been waiting. She must have been crying. He can’t have been trying hard.	It`s possible they were sleeping. Perhaps it has been raining there.	They might have been sleeping. It might have been raining there.