14.6 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст beyond 2000 и перескажи:

As we move into the 21st century, we need to identify the areas of transportation in which IT innovations might develop; we then can begin to solve problems and meet challenges proactively. By reviewing and assessing the state of the art in information systems and technologies, the transportation community might be able to predict directions that technology will take and to identify the skills that will be necessary to support the future expansion, integration, and productivity of transportation systems. We will see more advanced technologies with direct or indirect uses in transportation. It is important to provide trend forecasts for management, especially when the proposed changes require a long lead time and significant effort. One example is the need to rely increasingly on contracted work, which generates a need for effective contract management training and coaching for IS project managers.

To meet the IT challenges in the new millennium, we should increase awareness in state and local agencies of formal techniques to increase the margin of safety of the systems they procure. In the future, it will be possible to have considerably more intelligence in the infrastructure (for example, “smart highways” procured by state and local transportation agencies) and in communications between vehicles and the infrastructure.

In the new millennium, the transportation community should take a much more integrative and coordinating approach to IT applications for transportation, such as GIS, global positioning systems, and intelligent transportation systems. Finally, the transportation industry should strive to be a leader in IT. To do this, the transportation community must monitor developments in other sectors of the economy.

PASSIVE VOICE

The Passive употребляется для выражения:

• действия, которое было совершено неизвестным, неважным или ясным из контекста лицом: Mrs. Archer’s ruby ring was stolen from her house last night.

• действия более важного, чем лицо, совершающее действие. в обзорах новостей, статьях, официальных записях, инструкций, рекламы: Two teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night.

• более вежливого высказывания: My new blouse is ruined. Вместо: You’ve ruined my blouse.

В Passive обычно не употребляются The Present Perfect Continuous, The Future Continuous, The Past Perfect Continuous и The Future Perfect Continuous.

В разговорной речи часто заменяют to be на to get: Mary got run over by a car while she was crossing the street.

Present Simple	am/is/are v3	Future Simple	will be v3
Present Continuous	am/is/are being v3	Future Perfect	will have been v3
Past Simple	was/were v3	Present Infinitive	(to) be v3
Past Continuous	was/were being v3	Perfect infinitive	(to) have v3
Present Perfect	have/has been v3	Continuous Infinitive	being v3
Past Perfect	had been v3	Modals	modal be v3

Для изменения предложения из active в passive:

• дополнение становится подлежащим

• сказуемое остается в том же времени

• перед дополнение в passive (бывшее подлежащее active) ставится by или оно опускается

• если за сказуемым стоит дополнение предложение может быть изменено в passive: Peter feeds the cows. –> The cows are fed by Peter.

• by + дополнение употребляется, чтобы сказать кто или что совершает действие. With + инструмент/ материал/ ингредиент: A kite was made by John. It was made with paper, paint & string.

• если подлежащее в passive: people, one, someone, somebody, they, he, etc., дополнение обычно опускается: People eat a lot of junk food nowadays. -> A lot of junk food is eaten nowadays.

• дополнения me, you, him, etc. в active становятся подлежащими I, you, he, etc. в passive: They rescued me. -> I was rescued.

• с глаголами bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, throw, write, award, hand, sell, owe, grant, allow, feed, pass, post, read, take, offer, give, pay и lend можно сделать два разных предложения в passive: Jessica showed Rod some photos. -> Rod was shown some photos by Jessica.(этот вариант предпочтительнее)/Some photos were shown to Rod by Jessica.

• если в active за сказуемым следует предлог, то в passive он сохраняется: Jane looks after the baby. -> The baby is looked after by Jane.

• вопросы в passive строятся по схеме Who/What … by?: Who was the camera invented by? What was the explosion caused by?

С глаголами think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc. можно личные и безличные формы в passive:

Active	Passive безличный	Passive личный
People say that he has lost his job.	It is said he has lost his job.	He is said to have lost his job.
People know that she works hard.	It is known she works hard.	She is known to work hard.
People think he left the country last night.	It is thought he left the country last night.	He is thought to have left the country last night.

Конструкция have something done используется, чтобы сказать, что кто-то что-то делает для нас: Sandra is having her car repaired at the moment.

• Вопросы и отрицания образуются при помощи do/does/did: Do you have your hair cut every month? Did she have the house cleaned?

• Have something done используется чтобы сказать, что произошло что-то неприятное: Mary had her purse stolen yesterday.

Get можно употреблять вместо have в неформальном общении: We must get the fridge repaired soon.