12.7 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст metropolitan police:

Within the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) general and specialist Road Policing Unit functions are the remit of the Traffic Operational Command Unit (SCO15). The MPS does have a separate unit called the "Road Policing Unit" within the Safer Transport Command, externally funded by Transport for London (TfL), whose role is to minimise traffic congestion issues and smooth traffic flow across the capital, particularly on bus routes and the TfL road network.

12.8 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст north west motorway police group:

The North West Motorway Police Group (NWMPG) was formed in 2008 after the success of the CMPG. It includes officers from Cheshire Constabulary, Lancashire Constabulary,Merseyside Police, and, from 2011, Greater Manchester Police. All three of these forces are under the control of a Regional Control Centre (RCC) which is based in Newton Le Willows. This centre not only controls the radio traffic for NWMPG but also houses the North West Highways Control Centre. Each force maintains a separate RPU for non-motorway work.

12.9 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст south wales police:

South Wales Police opened a motorway section when the M4 motorway reached its area in 1977. Its traffic department was established by its predecessor, Glamorgan Constabulary, in 1952.

12.10 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст surrey police:

Surrey Police is responsible for the policing of part of the M25, the M23, Hooley to Pease Pottage and the M3 Sunbury to the Hampshire border. From a trio of traffic bases, atGodstone M25 junction 6, Chertsey M25 junction 11 and Burpham near Guildford on the A3. Surrey uses Volvo V70 Estates, Land Rover Discoveries and BMW 530ds as its main traffic vehicles, with a variety of other types and unmarked vehicles at their disposal.

12.11 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст thames valley police:

Thames Valley Police operate diesel Vauxhall Insignia and Volvo V70 estates, along with 4x4s like any other force. They also operate several unmarked cars, either being part of the general RPU team or the elite Pro-ACTIVE team. The Traffic Proactive and Problem Solving Team (to give it its full title) was formed in 1999 and use unmarked Vauxhall Omegas and Vectras in saloon variations, mostly with petrol V6 engines. They also have a couple of standard traffic cars that are in use when Pro-ACTIVE cars are out of action. The units are usually single, double or sometimes even triple crewed. The Pro-ACTIVE team was followed by Raw Cut TV's programme Road Wars between 2003 and 2008 and it made mini 'celebrities' out of its officers. As a result Chief Constable Sara Thornton asked Raw Cut to move to another force and they subsequently followed Devon and Cornwall officers. Most of their work is tasked but they sometimes patrol their area.

THE PAST TENSES

The Past Simple употребляется для выражения:

• действия, которое произошло в определенный момент в прошлом: They went to the seaside last spring.

• действий, которые происходили одно за другим в прошлом: He took a bath, shaved carefully, put on fresh shirt & left for the City.

  УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ			ВОПРОС
  I He She It You We They	V3/ed		I He She It You We They	didn’t V1		Did	I he she it you we they	V1?

• привычек или обыкновений, которые сейчас отсутствуют (used to): Every afternoon he smoked/ used to smoke a thick black cigar after dinner.

• рассказов об умерших людях: Marilyn Monroe starred in a number of successful films.

Индикаторы: yesterday, last night/week/month/year/Monday, etc. two days/weeks/months, etc. ago, then, when, How long …?, in 1992/1845, etc.

Запомни: после [s], [k], [f], [p], -sh, -ch окончание –ed звучит как [t], после [m], [l], [b], [z], [v], [n], -g окончание звучит как [d], а после [t], [d] окончание –ed звучит как [id].

The Past Continuous употребляется для выражения:

• длительного действия, совершающегося в определенный момент в прошлом: At three o’clock yesterday afternoon, they were sitting at an outdoor café.

• длительного действия, прерванного другим действием (в Past Simple): I was reading a book when the telephone rang.

• двух и более одновременных длительных действий: While she was cooking dinner, Ann was laying the table.

• описания атмосферы в художественных произведениях перед описанием основных действий: Todd & Emily were riding through the forest. The sun was shining & the birds were singing.

• постоянного процесса или раздражения в прошлом. В этих случаях часто употребляются наречия always, constantly, ever: They were always quarrelling.

Индикаторы: when, while, as, all day/night/morning, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ		ВОПРОС
I He She It	was Ving	I He She It	wasn’t Ving	Was	I he she it	Ving?
You We They	were Ving	You We They	weren’t Ving	Were	you we they	Ving?

Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое:

• до другого действия в прошлом или до определенного момента в прошлом: They had already reserved the table when they went to the restaurant. They had already sat down for dinner by 8 pm.

• закончилось в прошлом и результат был виден в прошлом: Bill had injured his legs in a car accident, so he had to use a wheelchair for six month. (Past Perfect – эквивалент Present Perfect в прошлом.)

• Past Perfect = Past Simple с индикаторами before и after: She left after she had finished her work. = She left after she finished her work.

Индикаторы: before, after, already, for, since, just, till/until, when, by, by the time, never, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ			ВОПРОС
I He She It You We They	had V3/ed		I He She It You We They	hadn’t V3/ed	Had	I he she it you we they	V3/ed?

Past Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения действия:

• которое началось и закончилось в прошлом до другого действия или определенного момента в прошлом, чтобы подчеркнуть длительность: They had been skating together for five years before they entered the competition. Обычно употребляется с since и for.

• которое длилось в прошлом и результат был виден в прошлом: she had been working hard that day, so she was tired. (Past Perfect Continuous– эквивалент Present Perfect Continuous в прошлом.)

Индикаторы: for, since, how long, before, until, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ		ОТРИЦАНИЕ		ВОПРОС
I He She It You We They	had been Ving	I He She It You We They	hadn’t been Ving	Had	I he she it you we they	been Ving?

Past Simple или Present Perfect

• Past Simple употребляется для выражения действия, которое произошло в конкретный момент в прошлом. Время известно и важно: Kate Steele wrote her first novel in 1970.

• Present Perfect же употребляется для выражения действия, которое произошло в неопределенный момент в прошлом. Точное время неизвестно и неважно: Kate Steele has written a lot of successful novels.

• Past Simple употребляется, когда речь идет о жизни людей, которые умерли: William Shakespeare wrote “Romeo & Juliet.”

• Past Simple также употребляется для выражения действия, которое началось и закончилось в прошлом: George Barns was a basketball player for ten years.

• А Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous употребляются для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в настоящем: Jim Presley has worked/has been working as a waiter for fifteen years.

• Present Perfect также употребляется для оглашения новостей, а Past Simple или Past Continuous употребляется, чтобы сообщить подробности о них: I’ve just seen the new boss. I was talking to Carol on the phone when he came in.

• used to + инфинитив употребляется для выражения прошлых привычек или обыкновений которые уже отсутствуют: They used to travel a lot when they were younger. Вместо used to можно употреблять The Past Simple.

• used to + инфинитив = the past simple когда:

1. действие было однократным: I drove to work yesterday.

2. мы знаем точное количество раз, которое совершалось действие: I went to the cinema four times last month.

• would/used to употребляется для выражения повторяющихся действий в прошлом: We would/used to eat out on Sundays.

• would не употребляется с глаголам чувственно-визуального восприятия.

• be used to употребляется для выражения привычки: They are used to the cold. She wasn’t used to living in the country.

• get used to употребляется для выражения привыкания: I’m getting used to the weather. He didn’t like using the computer at first, but he got used to it. She’ll soon get used to wearing contact lenses.

Past Simple – Past Continuous – Past Perfect

• The Past Simple употребляется для описания действия, которое произошло сразу же после какого-либо другого действия в прошлом: Last Monday, Lisa and her husband fed the children when he came home.

• The Past Continuous употребляется для описания действия, которое произошло тогда, когда его прервали: Last Tuesday, Lisa was feeding the children when her husband came home.

• The Past Perfect употребляется для описания действия, которое произошло перед другим действием в прошлом: Last Friday, Lisa had already fed the children when her husband came home.