6.1 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст:

Transportation demand management, traffic demand management or travel demand management (all TDM) is the application of strategies and policies to reduce travel demand (specifically that of single-occupancy private vehicles), or to redistribute this demand in space or in time.

In transport as in any network, managing demand can be a cost-effective alternative to increasing capacity. A demand management approach to transport also has the potential to deliver better environmental outcomes, improved public health, stronger communities, and more prosperous and livable cities. TDM techniques link with and support community movements for sustainable transport.

6.2 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст background, выбери подходящий артикль и расположи абзацы в правильной последовательности:

2. A/an/the term TDM has its …

3. A/an/the concepts of TDM borrowed from …

4. Some cities outside Europe have …

5. Relatively low and stable oil …

6. Because vehicle travel was …

7. A/an/the British Government's …

8. A/an/the companion document to a/an/the …

9. A/an/the similar study by a/an/the United …

1. … mainstream transport planning in Europe, which had never been based on assumptions that a/an/the private car was a/an/the best or only solution for urban mobility. For example, a/an/the Dutch Transport Structure Scheme has since a/an/the 1970s required that demand for additional vehicle capacity be met only "if the contribution to societal welfare is positive" and since 1990 has included a/an/the explicit target to halve the rate of growth in vehicle traffic.

2. … prices during a/an/the 1980s and 1990s led to significant increases in vehicle travel, both directly because people chose to travel by car more often and for greater distances, and indirectly because cities developed tracts of suburban housing, distant from shops and from workplaces, now referred to as urban sprawl. Trends in freight logistics, including a/an/the movement from rail and coastal shipping to road freight and a/an/the requirement for just in time deliveries, meant that freight traffic grew faster than general vehicle traffic.

3. … White Paper on Transport marked a/an/the change in direction. In a/an/the introduction to a/an/the White Paper, Prime Minister Tony Blair stated that «We recognise that we cannot simply build our way out of a/an/the problems we face. It would be environmentally irresponsible - and would not work».

4. … States Federal Highway Administration, was also released in 2004 and also concluded that a/an/the more proactive approach to transportation demand was an important component of overall national transport strategy.

5. … increasing rapidly from 1980–2000, it follows that (with a/an/the few exceptions) a/an/the techniques of demand management were not widely or successfully applied during this period. Small-scale projects to provide alternatives to single occupant commuter travel were common, but generally were led from outside a/an/the mainstream of transport planning. However many of a/an/the techniques in a/an/the demand management toolbox were developed during this period.

6. … also consistently taken a/an/the demand management approach to transport and land use planning, notably Curitiba, Brazil, Portland, Oregon, USA, Arlington, Virginia, USA, and Vancouver, Canada.

7. … origins in a/an/the United States in a/an/the 1970s and 1980s, and is linked to a/an/the economic impacts of a/an/the sharp increase in oil prices during a/an/the 1973 oil crisis and a/an/the 1979 energy crisis. When long lines appeared at gas stations, it became self-evident that alternatives to single-occupancy commuter travel needed to be provided in order to save energy, improve air quality, and reduce peak period congestion.

8. … White Paper called "Smarter Choices" researched a/an/the potential to scale up a/an/the small and scattered sustainable transport initiatives then occurring across Britain, and concluded that a/an/the comprehensive application of these techniques could reduce peak period car travel in urban areas by over 20%.