Вариант 2
Задание I. Спишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Internal-Combustion Engines
Construction, Definition and Principles
In the internal-combustion engine the fuel is delivered to the engine in a vaporized or liquid form. First oil comes into cylinder, then it burns forming a gas and heating the gas. It forces a piston from one end of the cylinder to the other by the expansive force of the gas and releasing the expanded gas from the cylinder. This process is called a phase. If a fluid goes through a complete set of phases, this set of phases makes up a cycle. The phases differ in different type of engines.
The Four-Cycle Diesel Engine
Any internal combustion engine has a four-stroke or two-stroke cycle. And we call the engine as single-acting or double-acting.
Two-cycle Diesel Engine
A two-cycle engine must be provided with a scavenging compressor for supplying scavenging air. Two pumps are used here: the piston type and the rootsblower type.
Combustion Chambers of Engines
Engines have different types of combustion chamber. The main of them are: direct injection, precombustion chamber and turbulence chamber.
Задание II. Выпишите из текста задания I глаголы в страдательном залоге и укажите их неопределенную форму.
Задание III. Спишите, расшифруйте и переведите следующие сокращения.
Ltd.; p.s.i.; sec; sq.in.; h.p.; eff.; E; O.D.; C. No.; lbs.
Задание IV. Спишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
The turbine consists of a rotor, blades, casing, nozzles and other parts.
The moving blades in reaction turbine act as nozzles.
The piston is made of steel, cast iron and special alloy which are highly resistant to heat stresses.
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crank on the crankshaft.
Задание V. Спишете текст и переведите его со словарем.
Soviet Shipping Companies operate sixty international cargo services, including twenty-one unilateral services, sixteen bilateral, or joint services of Soviet companies and foreign ship-owners of the GDR, Bulgaria, Cuba, India, Algerian the UK, France, Belgium, Holland, the FRG, Italy, Japan run on a parity basis, all for the Soviet foreign trade.
The services regularly employ all-purpose and specialized vessels, including multipurpose ships, to satisfy any shipping requirements. Soviet liner operators guarantee safe and dependably delivery of cargo strictly to schedule.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Спишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Essential Parts of a Diesel Engine. The Diesel engine consists of the following parts:
Bedplate (engine frame) and crankcase. These two parts make a supporting structure to hold the cylinders, crankshaft and main bearings. The crankcase(mostly steel) serves as oil sump for the forced lubrication systems.
Cylinders are of cast iron. They are provided with large removable inspection doors through which the cooling spaces may be inspected and cleaned. Л
Cylinder covers (heads) close the top end of the cylinders.
Cylinder liners.
Piston and .piston rings. The piston is made of steel, cast iron or special alloy which is highly resistant to heat stresses. The piston rings prevent lubricating oil from penetrating into the combustion chamber.
Connecting rods. Theconnecting rod is made of steel. It connects the piston to the crank on the crankshaft.
The crankshaft is made of forged steel. It has ducts for lubrication oil to all bearings.
Valves serve to admit the air to discharge the spent or exhaust gases.
The camshaft is made of steel and is driven from the crankshaft through gear wheels. The camshaft drives the fuel pumps, one for each cylinder.
The flywheel is a heavy wheel fastened to the crankshaft. It keeps the engine running smoothly from the time of one power stroke to the next power stroke.
Crosshead and a piston rod. Large-size diesels are often double-acting. So they have a crosshead and a piston rod.
Задание 2. Выпишите из текста задания 1 глаголы в страдательном залоге и укажите их неопределенную форму.
Задание 3.Спишите, расшифруйте ,переведите следующие сокращения:
В. Н. Р.; atm.; No.; coef.; deg.; F.O.; h.p.; per sec.; r.p.m.; sq. in.
Задание 4. Спишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The fuel oil supplied to atomizers should be heated, as heating decreases oil viscosity.
2. There may be high and low pressure turbines.
3. Any internal combustion engine has a four-stroke or two-stroke cycle.
4. Engines have either direct injection precombustion or turbulence chambers.
Задание 5. Спишите текст и переведите его со словарем.
London was founded two thousand and five hundred years ago. For a long time it was just a small swampy place near the River Thames' mouth. In the year 43 AD the Romans built the first bridge over the Thames and since then London has never stopped growing.
Now it is one of the largest cities in the world. The population of London is about seven million people. Every day almost 8000,000 people travel by 7,000 red London buses, which are called double-deckers as they have two decks. Over 40,000 underground trains and 380 trains carry Londerners to their work. London underground is the oldest and-the logeest in Europe. There are nine different lines
Вариант 4
Задание 1.Спишите текст и переведите его на русский язык.
Fuel.
All marine diesel engines built today use airless or solid injection.
The fuel is injected into the cylinder under high oil pressure without the assistance of injection air. It works under a pressure around 5,000 to 8,000 ib.per.sq.in.
Diesel Fuel Oil Characteristics.
The characteristics of the fuel oil that is suitable for use on shipboard are:
1. Ignitibility
2. Flash point. Good fuel must ignite quickly. Most diesel fuel has a flash point of 140 to 150F.
3. Pour point is the lowest temperature of which the oil will flow.
4. Viscosity is very important. Any oil that is more than 200sec. Saybolt viscosity must be heated to be successfully pumped and injected into the ordinary diesel engine.
5. Carbon content may be from 0.5 to 3.5 per cent in different oils.
6. The Sulphur content may be from 0.5 to 3.0 per cent.
7. Sediment and water may very in different fuels as much as 1.5 per cent.
8. Ash content is left after combustion. It may be only from 0.01 to 0.1 per cent
The heavy low grade fuel is the cheapest. It is often used on large ships but in this case we must keep the fuel in good condition and think about higher rate of wear on liners and piston rings. The fuel is cleaned by centrifuging and filtering.
Задание 2. Выпишите из текста первого задания глаголы в страдательном залоге и укажите их неопределенную форму.
Задание 3. Спишите, расшифруйте и переведите следующие технические сокращения: Nos.; i.m.e.p.; km ; p.s.i.; r.p.m.; sp.gr.; Ltd.; h.p.; p.h.; I.D.
Задание №4.Спишите предложения и переведите их.
1. Any internal combustion engine has a four-stroke or two-stroke cycle.
2. Engine have either direct injection, precombustion or turbulence chamber.
3. The flywheel is a heavy fastened to the crankshaft.
4. There are two types of gas turbines: constant volume and constant pressure.
Задание№5. Спишите текст и переведите его со словарём.
The Russian tanker fleet mostly serves the country’s foreign trade carrying oil and oil products, vegetable oils, fats and blubber, wine and alcohol to or from ports in Cuba, Italy, France, India, Vietnam, etc.
During the current five-year period, the fleet will acquire tankers of 16.000 dwt to 65,000 dwt, also small tankers for Arctic and coastal trades and ecologically clean tankers of the “Pobeda” type, 68,000 dwt, meeting any rigid requirements in respect of operational particulars or protection of the environment. Each home port of Russian tankers has specialized oil harbours. The biggest is the Sheskaris Terminal in Novorossiysk which can accommodate ships of up to 250,000 dwt.