34. Characteristic features of etymological doublets.

The words shirt and skirt etymologically descend from the same root. Shirt is a native word, and skirt (as the initial sk suggests) is a Scandinavian borrowing. Their phonemic shape is different, and yet there is a certain resemblance which reflects their common origin. Their meanings are also different but easily associated: they both denote articles of clothing.

Such words as these two originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning are called etymological doublets.

They may enter the vocabulary by different routes Some of these pairs, like shirt and skirt, consist of £ native word and a borrowed word: shrew, n. (E.) -— screw, n. (Sc.).

Others are represented by two borrowings from different languages which are historically descended from the same root: senior (Lat.) — sir (Fr.), canal (Lat.) — channel (Fr.), captain (Lat.) — chieftan (Fr.).

Still others were borrowed from the same language twice, but in different periods: corpse [kO:ps] (Norm. Fr.) — corps [kO:] (Par. Fr.), travel (Norm. Fr.) — travail (Par. Fr.), cavalry (Norm. Fr.) — chivalry (Par. Fr.), gaol (Norm. Fr.) — jail (Par. Fr.).

Etymological triplets (i. e. groups of three words of common root) occur rarer, but here are at least two examples: hospital (Lat.) — hostel (Norm. Fr.) — hotel (Par. Fr.), to capture (Lat.) — to catch (Norm. Fr.) — to chase (Par. Fr.).

A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one from which it was derived: history — story, fantasy — fancy, fanatic — fan, defence — fence, courtesy — curtsy, shadow — shade.

35. Characteristic features of translation loans.

The term loan-word is equivalent to borrowing. By translation-loans we indicate borrowings of a special kind. They are not taken into the vocabulary of another language more or less in the same phonemic shape in which they have been functioning in their own language, but undergo the process of translation. It is quite obvious that it is only compound words (i. e. words of two or more stems) which can be subjected to such an operation, each stem being translated separately: masterpiece (from Germ. Meisterstuck), wonder child (from Germ. Wunderkind), first dancer (from Ital. prima-ballerina), collective farm (from R. колхоз), five-year plan (from R. пятилетка).

The Russian колхоз was borrowed twice, by way of translation-loan (collective farm) and by way of direct borrowing (kolkhoz).

The case is not unique. During the 2nd World War the German word Blitzkrieg was also borrowed into English in two different forms: the translation-loan lightning-war and the direct borrowings blitzkrieg and blitz.

36. The impact of borrowings on the English language

The role of debt (borrowings, loan-words) in different languages ​​varies and depends on the specific historical conditions of each language. In English, the percentage of loans is much higher than in many other languages, because, for historical reasons, he was, in opposed, for example Iceland, very permeable. English more than any other language had to borrow foreign

words in direct immediate contact, first in the Middle Ages by successive British Isles to foreign invaders, and later in terms of trade expansion and colonization activity English themselves. It is estimated that the number of native words in the English dictionary is only about 30%. This fact gave many researchers reason to exaggerate the importance of borrowing and read English is not German, and Romano-Germanic language, celebrate mixed English lexicon as its most important feature, and sometimes even reduce the whole of English lexicology to the problem of debt. Some scholars (eg, Meyer) felt even in the developed language vocabulary is borrowed so easily that is not characteristic of the specific language. In fact, loans are one of the important ways to enrich the vocabulary, but not the only or even the most important.