4. Ask questions to the underlined words.

1. Keeping the contents clean, fresh, and safe for the intended shelf life is a primary function. 2. Small items are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. 3. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate tampering. 4. In the UK, A Local Government Association survey produced by the British Market Research Bureau, compared a range of outlets to buy 29 common food items, found that small local retailers and market traders "produced less packaging and more that could be recycled than the larger supermarkets." 5. Packages can have features which add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use, and reuse. 6. The food enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, shock, vibration, compression, temperature, etc. 7. Some types of information are required by governments. 8. There are also special containers that combine different technologies for maximum durability.

5. Retell the text using as many words from active vocabulary as possible. Unit 8. Junk food / «Мусорная еда» Text 1.

1. Master the active vocabulary.

junk food – богатая калориями, нездоровая пища; нечто приятное, но не имеющее значительной ценности

saturated – влажный, промокший, глубокий, интенсивный, насыщенный

addictive – вызывающий привычку, привыкание

prone – склонный, предрасположенный к чему-либо

obesity – тучность, ожирение

endive – цикорий-эндивий

smoothie – коктейль из фруктов или фруктового сока с молоком или мороженым

to interject – вставлять замечания, мимоходом замечать, прерывать

conscious – сознательный, осознанный, сознающий, ощущающий, здравый

trail mix – смесь из сухофруктов и орехов

Junk food is an informal term applied to some foods that are perceived to have little or no nutritional value (i.e. containing "empty calories"); to products with nutritional value, but also have ingredients considered unhealthy when regularly eaten; or to those considered unhealthy to consume at all. The term was coined by Michael Jacobson, director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, in 1972.

Junk foods are typically ready-to-eat convenience foods containing high levels of saturated fats, salt, or sugar, and little or no fruit, vegetables, or dietary fiber; and are considered to have little or no health benefits. Common junk foods include salted snack foods like chips (crisps), candy, gum, most sweet desserts, fried fast food and carbonated beverages (sodas) as well as alcoholic beverages. High-sugar cereals, particularly those targeted at children, such as Froot Loops, are also classified as junk food.

Marketing

Following a high profile media campaign by Chef Jamie Oliver and a threat of court action from the National Heart Forum in the United Kingdom in 2006, the UK advertising regulator and competition authority launched a consultation on advertising of foods to children. The Food Standards Agency was one of many respondents. As a result, a ban on advertising during children's television programmes and programmes aimed at school aged children (5-16 years old) was announced. The ban also includes marketing using celebrities, cartoon characters and health or nutrition claims.

Health effects

A study by Paul Johnson and Paul Kenny at The Scripps Research Institute(2008) suggested that junk food consumption alters brain activity in a manner similar to addictive drugs like cocaine or heroin. After many weeks on a junk food diet, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure. After the junk food was taken away and replaced with a healthy diet, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare. A 2007 British Journal of Nutrition study found that mothers who eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their children.

A report published in the Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology suggests that babies of mothers with a high-sugar and high-fat diet while pregnant are more prone to junk food themselves. The study was conducted on rats and suggests that "infants whose mothers eat excessive amounts of high-fat, high-sugar junk foods when pregnant or breastfeeding are likely to have a greater preference for these foods later in life."

A 2008 report suggests that mothers who eat junk food while pregnant or breast-feeding have children who are more prone to obesity. The children are also more prone to diabetes, raised cholesterol, and high blood fat.