- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Petroleum refining and natural gas processing
- •Basic Refinery Process: Description and History
- •III. Find words and word combinations that mean the following.
- •IV. Summarize the history of refining using the following table.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 2 Major Refinery Products
- •I. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 3 Petroleum Refining Operations
- •I. Read the text and match the paragraphs with the headings.
- •II. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •Description of petroleum refining processes
- •I. Read the text and complete the sentences with the words below. Text 4 Crude Oil Pretreatment (Desalting) and Distillation (Fractionation)
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •I. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the sentences (a-j).
- •II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions, matching the figures in column a with their answers in column b.
- •III. Find words that mean the following.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 7 Natural Gas Processing
- •I. Answer the following questions before reading the text.
- •II. You are going to read the text about pipelines. For each of the questions choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text.
- •When and who constructed the first world’s oil pipeline?
- •The pipelines are widely used to transport hydrocarbons because...
- •Natural gas ...
- •I. Give missing headings for each pipeline section described in the text basing on the diagram below.
- •Pipeline components
- •II. Answer the questions by choosing from the pipeline sections a-e. The sections may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning [0].
- •Types of pipelines
- •I. You are going to read the text about pipeline operation. Before reading it discuss and answer the following questions in groups.
- •II. Now read the text and for each of the questions 1-5 choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text. Pipeline operation
- •III. Now describe the pipeline operation system basing on the information from the text and diagram bellow.
- •I. You are going to read the text about gas storage. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •II. Now read the text and match the purposes a-h with their explanations in the text.
- •Reasons for gas storage construction
- •III. There exist several characteristics of underground storage facilities, which need to be defined and measured. Match each volumetric measure with the corresponding description.
- •IV. Now use three of the underground storage characteristics given in Ex. III to fill in the gaps in the following text.
- •I. You are going to read the text about types of gas storages. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •(C) Depleted Gas Reservoir
- •(B) Aquifer Reservoir
- •III. Match the word or expression with its translation.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps in the texts below with words and expressions from Exercise III.
- •Pipeline Capacity
- •I. You are going to read the text about the future of gas storage technology. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •I. You are going to read the text about ecological aspects of oil and gas industry. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and supply it with a suitable title.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Read the text again and write a summary of it. It shouldn’t exceed one third of the text.
- •V. Render the text in English.
- •VI. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Text 2 Greenhouse Gases
- •I. Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and check your answers.
- •Table 1: Greenhouse Gases
- •Text 3 Waste Discharges during the Offshore Oil and Gas Activity
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with words and
- •Text 4 Chemical Composition of Discharged Wastes
- •I. Read part I and give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.
- •Part I Drilling Fluids and Cuttings
- •II. Are the following statements true or false?
- •Part II Produced Waters
- •I. Check that you know the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary where necessary.
- •II. Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct form of the words in capitals given in column b. Define their part of speech.
- •Part III Atmospheric Emissions
- •I. Express the main idea of each paragraph in a single sentence in English.
- •II. Suggest a suitable heading for each paragraph.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •Part IV Other Wastes
- •I. Before reading the text try to guess what other wastes can accompany oil and gas operations in offshore developments.
- •References
V. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Керосин был более дешёвым и лучшим по сравнению с китовым жиром способом освещения.
2. Нефтепереработка прошла в своём развитии путь от простой перегонки нефти до современных сложных процессов.
3. С введением массового производства и началом Первой Мировой войны количество транспортных средств с бензиновым двигателем резко увеличилось.
4. Для бензиновых двигателей с высокой степенью сжатия требовался высокооктановый бензин с улучшенными антидетонационными свойствами.
5. Различные методы очистки используются для устранения примесей, отрицательно влияющих на свойства конечных продуктов.
Text 2 Major Refinery Products
1. Gasoline. The most important refinery product is motor gasoline, a blend of hydrocarbons with boiling ranges from ambient temperatures to about 400 °F. The important qualities for gasoline are octane number (antiknock), volatility (starting and vapor lock), and vapor pressure (environmental control). Additives are often used to enhance performance and provide protection against oxidation and rust formation.
2. Kerosene. Kerosene is a refined middle-distillate petroleum product that finds considerable use as a jet fuel and around the world in cooking and space heating. When used as a jet fuel, some of the critical qualities are freeze point, flash point, and smoke point. Commercial jet fuel has a boiling range of about 375°-525° F, and military jet fuel 130°-550° F. Kerosene, with less-critical specifications, is used for lighting, heating, solvents, and blending into diesel fuel.
3. Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). LPG, which consists principally of propane and butane, is produced for use as fuel and is an intermediate material in the manufacture of petrochemicals. The important specifications for proper performance include vapor pressure and control of contaminants.
4. Distillate Fuels. Diesel fuels and domestic heating oils have boiling ranges of about 400°-700° F. The desirable qualities required for distillate fuels include controlled flash and pour points, clean burning, no deposit formation in storage tanks, and a proper diesel fuel cetane rating for good starting and combustion.
5. Residual Fuels. Many marine vessels, power plants, commercial buildings and industrial facilities use residual fuels or combinations of residual and distillate fuels for heating and processing. The two most critical specifications of residual fuels are viscosity and low sulfur content for environmental control.
6. Coke and Asphalt. Coke is almost pure carbon with a variety of uses from electrodes to charcoal briquets. Asphalt, used for roads and roofing materials, must be inert to most chemicals and weather conditions.
7. Solvents. A variety of products, whose boiling points and hydrocarbon composition are closely controlled, are produced for use as solvents. These include benzene, toluene, and xylene.
8. Petrochemicals. Many products derived from crude oil refining, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene, are primarily intended for use as petrochemical feedstock in the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubbers, and other products.
9. Lubricants. Special refining processes produce lubricating oil base stocks. Additives such as demulsifiers, antioxidants, and viscosity improvers are blended into the base stocks to provide the characteristics required for motor oils, industrial greases, lubricants, and cutting oils. The most critical quality for lubricating-oil base stock is a high viscosity index, which provides for greater consistency under varying temperatures.