- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Petroleum refining and natural gas processing
- •Basic Refinery Process: Description and History
- •III. Find words and word combinations that mean the following.
- •IV. Summarize the history of refining using the following table.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 2 Major Refinery Products
- •I. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 3 Petroleum Refining Operations
- •I. Read the text and match the paragraphs with the headings.
- •II. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •Description of petroleum refining processes
- •I. Read the text and complete the sentences with the words below. Text 4 Crude Oil Pretreatment (Desalting) and Distillation (Fractionation)
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •I. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the sentences (a-j).
- •II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions, matching the figures in column a with their answers in column b.
- •III. Find words that mean the following.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 7 Natural Gas Processing
- •I. Answer the following questions before reading the text.
- •II. You are going to read the text about pipelines. For each of the questions choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text.
- •When and who constructed the first world’s oil pipeline?
- •The pipelines are widely used to transport hydrocarbons because...
- •Natural gas ...
- •I. Give missing headings for each pipeline section described in the text basing on the diagram below.
- •Pipeline components
- •II. Answer the questions by choosing from the pipeline sections a-e. The sections may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning [0].
- •Types of pipelines
- •I. You are going to read the text about pipeline operation. Before reading it discuss and answer the following questions in groups.
- •II. Now read the text and for each of the questions 1-5 choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text. Pipeline operation
- •III. Now describe the pipeline operation system basing on the information from the text and diagram bellow.
- •I. You are going to read the text about gas storage. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •II. Now read the text and match the purposes a-h with their explanations in the text.
- •Reasons for gas storage construction
- •III. There exist several characteristics of underground storage facilities, which need to be defined and measured. Match each volumetric measure with the corresponding description.
- •IV. Now use three of the underground storage characteristics given in Ex. III to fill in the gaps in the following text.
- •I. You are going to read the text about types of gas storages. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •(C) Depleted Gas Reservoir
- •(B) Aquifer Reservoir
- •III. Match the word or expression with its translation.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps in the texts below with words and expressions from Exercise III.
- •Pipeline Capacity
- •I. You are going to read the text about the future of gas storage technology. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •I. You are going to read the text about ecological aspects of oil and gas industry. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and supply it with a suitable title.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Read the text again and write a summary of it. It shouldn’t exceed one third of the text.
- •V. Render the text in English.
- •VI. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Text 2 Greenhouse Gases
- •I. Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and check your answers.
- •Table 1: Greenhouse Gases
- •Text 3 Waste Discharges during the Offshore Oil and Gas Activity
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with words and
- •Text 4 Chemical Composition of Discharged Wastes
- •I. Read part I and give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.
- •Part I Drilling Fluids and Cuttings
- •II. Are the following statements true or false?
- •Part II Produced Waters
- •I. Check that you know the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary where necessary.
- •II. Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct form of the words in capitals given in column b. Define their part of speech.
- •Part III Atmospheric Emissions
- •I. Express the main idea of each paragraph in a single sentence in English.
- •II. Suggest a suitable heading for each paragraph.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •Part IV Other Wastes
- •I. Before reading the text try to guess what other wastes can accompany oil and gas operations in offshore developments.
- •References
II. Answer the following questions.
How can you classify waste discharges during the offshore oil and gas activities?
What do amounts of discharged wastes depend on?
What’s the largest type of waste discharges during the offshore oil and gas activity?
Why is it necessary to clean technological waters before they are discharged into the sea?
What is the ideal ecological requirement of drilling wastes treatment?
What are the possible ways to dispose produced sand?
What waste discharges don’t have a significant influence on the environmental situation in the areas of oil and gas industry operations?
III. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
A. discharges 1. ГСМ, смазочные материалы
B. drilling cuttings 2. дренаж рабочей площадки
C. produced waters 3. пластовые воды
D. brine 4. бытовые отходы
E. deck drainage 5. соляной раствор из скважины
F. injection water 6. сточные воды
G. lubricants 7. буровой шлам
H. separation unit 8. глинистый буровой раствор, шлам
I. slurry 9. пластовый песок
J. produced sand 10. сепаратор, выделитель
K. sanitary waste 11. санитарно-технические отходы
L. domestic wastes 12. закачиваемая вода, вода для
нагнетания
IV. Make up your own sentences with words and
word combinations from Ex. 4
Text 4 Chemical Composition of Discharged Wastes
As noted earlier, the spectrum of chemicals entering the marine environment at different stages of oil and gas production is very wide. They include many hundreds of individual compounds and their combinations. Broadly speaking, they can be divided into two large groups. The first group consists of the extracted oil and gas hydrocarbons. The second one unites the rest of the natural and technological components used at different technological stages.
I. Read part I and give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.
буровой шлам, буровые растворы на водной основе, эмульгатор, баланс осмотически активных веществ, органофильная глина, сульфит натрия, вязкость жидкости, регулировать гидростатическое давление, поглотитель кислорода, биоциды
Part I Drilling Fluids and Cuttings
Drilling wastes deserve special attention. The volume of drilling wastes usually ranges from 1,000 to 5,000 m3 for each well. Such wells can number into dozens for one production platform and many hundreds for a large field. No precise, standard formulation exists for drilling fluids. Their composition depends on the needs of the particular situations. At present, two main types of drilling fluids are used in offshore drilling. They are based either on crude oil, oil products, and other mixtures of organic substances (diesel, paraffin oils, and so on) or on water (freshwater or seawater with bentonite, barite, and other components added).
During the last 10 years, the preference is given to using the less-toxic water-based drilling fluids. However, in some cases, for example during drilling of deviated wells through hard rock, using oil-based fluids is still inevitable. The oil-based fluids, in contrast with the water-based ones, are usually not discharged overboard after a single application. Instead, they are regenerated and included in the technological circle again.
Originally, the oil-based drilling muds included diesel fuel as their base component due to its availability and low cost. However, starting in the 1980s, especially when many countries prohibited the use of diesel in drilling muds, the oil companies started to develop new formulations that replaced diesel oil with less hazardous substances. Alternative drilling fluids are composed mainly from low-molecular-weight, less toxic and more water-soluble, aromatic compounds and substances of paraffin structure.
Recently, a new generation of drilling fluids based on the products of chemical synthesis with ethers, olefins, and polyalphaolefins has been developed . Such drilling fluids allow highly deviational or horizontal drillings to be conducted. From the environmental perspective, the most important fact is that they have low toxicity as compared with other drilling formulations. In spite of the relatively high cost of the synthetic-based drilling fluids, their technological and environmental advantages open wide possibilities for their effective use in oil and gas production.
Each component of a drilling fluid has one or several chemical and technological functions. For example, barite (BaSO4) is used to control and regulate hydrostatic pressure in the well. Emulsifiers (alkyl-acrylate sulfonate, alkylacryl sulfate, and others) form and maintain emulsions. Sodium and calcium chlorides create conditions for maintaining an isotonic osmotic balance between the water phase of the emulsion and surrounding formation water. Organophilic clays as well as organic polymers and polyacrylates ensure the optimal fluid viscosity necessary for drilling under different geological conditions. Sodium sulfite, ammonium bisulfite, zinc carbonate, and other oxygen scavengers are pumped into the well to prevent the corrosion of drilling equipment in the oxidizing environment. Lime is added to increase the pH of drilling fluids, which helps to reduce corrosion and stabilize the emulsions in the muds.
As a result of many technological operations and procedures, drilling muds and cuttings are saturated with hundreds of very different substances and compounds. It is their discharges into the sea that pose one of the main ecological threats during offshore oil production. In particular, many countries express concern regarding biocides, which are used to suppress microflora in the drilling and other circulating fluids.
Drilling discharges also contain many heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, copper, and others) that come from components of both drilling fluids and drilling cuttings.