- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Petroleum refining and natural gas processing
- •Basic Refinery Process: Description and History
- •III. Find words and word combinations that mean the following.
- •IV. Summarize the history of refining using the following table.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 2 Major Refinery Products
- •I. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 3 Petroleum Refining Operations
- •I. Read the text and match the paragraphs with the headings.
- •II. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •Description of petroleum refining processes
- •I. Read the text and complete the sentences with the words below. Text 4 Crude Oil Pretreatment (Desalting) and Distillation (Fractionation)
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •I. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the sentences (a-j).
- •II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions, matching the figures in column a with their answers in column b.
- •III. Find words that mean the following.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 7 Natural Gas Processing
- •I. Answer the following questions before reading the text.
- •II. You are going to read the text about pipelines. For each of the questions choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text.
- •When and who constructed the first world’s oil pipeline?
- •The pipelines are widely used to transport hydrocarbons because...
- •Natural gas ...
- •I. Give missing headings for each pipeline section described in the text basing on the diagram below.
- •Pipeline components
- •II. Answer the questions by choosing from the pipeline sections a-e. The sections may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning [0].
- •Types of pipelines
- •I. You are going to read the text about pipeline operation. Before reading it discuss and answer the following questions in groups.
- •II. Now read the text and for each of the questions 1-5 choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text. Pipeline operation
- •III. Now describe the pipeline operation system basing on the information from the text and diagram bellow.
- •I. You are going to read the text about gas storage. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •II. Now read the text and match the purposes a-h with their explanations in the text.
- •Reasons for gas storage construction
- •III. There exist several characteristics of underground storage facilities, which need to be defined and measured. Match each volumetric measure with the corresponding description.
- •IV. Now use three of the underground storage characteristics given in Ex. III to fill in the gaps in the following text.
- •I. You are going to read the text about types of gas storages. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •(C) Depleted Gas Reservoir
- •(B) Aquifer Reservoir
- •III. Match the word or expression with its translation.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps in the texts below with words and expressions from Exercise III.
- •Pipeline Capacity
- •I. You are going to read the text about the future of gas storage technology. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •I. You are going to read the text about ecological aspects of oil and gas industry. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and supply it with a suitable title.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Read the text again and write a summary of it. It shouldn’t exceed one third of the text.
- •V. Render the text in English.
- •VI. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Text 2 Greenhouse Gases
- •I. Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and check your answers.
- •Table 1: Greenhouse Gases
- •Text 3 Waste Discharges during the Offshore Oil and Gas Activity
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with words and
- •Text 4 Chemical Composition of Discharged Wastes
- •I. Read part I and give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.
- •Part I Drilling Fluids and Cuttings
- •II. Are the following statements true or false?
- •Part II Produced Waters
- •I. Check that you know the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary where necessary.
- •II. Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct form of the words in capitals given in column b. Define their part of speech.
- •Part III Atmospheric Emissions
- •I. Express the main idea of each paragraph in a single sentence in English.
- •II. Suggest a suitable heading for each paragraph.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •Part IV Other Wastes
- •I. Before reading the text try to guess what other wastes can accompany oil and gas operations in offshore developments.
- •References
II. Are the following statements true or false?
Correct the false ones.
Drilling fluids have precise formulation.
Their composition depends on the size of each well.
There are two main types of drilling fluids used in modern offshore drilling: oil-based and water-based.
The oil-based fluids are less toxic.
The oil-based fluids are discharged overboard after a single application.
Diesel fuel is a base component of the oil-based drilling muds.
The synthetic-based drilling fluids are effectively used for highly deviational or horizontal drillings.
Barite as a component of a drilling fluid form and maintain emulsions.
Oxygen scavengers help to prevent the corrosion of drilling equipment in the oxidizing environment.
Drilling muds and cuttings cause one of the main ecological threats during offshore oil production.
Part II Produced Waters
I. Check that you know the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary where necessary.
produced waters, dissolved salts, trace metals, dispersed oil, corrosion inhibitors, emulsion breakers, precipitate
II. Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct form of the words in capitals given in column b. Define their part of speech.
A. |
B. |
(1)_________ waters usually include dissolved salts and organic compounds, oil hydrocarbons, trace metals, suspensions, and many other substances that are components of (2)________ water from the reservoir or are used during (3)________ and other production operations. Besides, produced waters can (4) _________ with the extracted oil, gas, and injection waters from the wells. All of the above make the (5)_________ of the discharged produced waters very complex and (6)________. Petroleum hydrocarbons are always present in produced waters, (7) _________ when the latter are mixed with other (8)__________waters and solutions. However, the levels of oil in discharges vary extremely. They (9)__________ not only on the specific technological situation but on the fractional composition of the oil and the (10) _________ of the oil/water separation methods as well. The oil (11)_________ mainly remove particulate and dispersed oil, while dissolved hydrocarbons in (12)__________ from 20 mg/l to over 50 mg/l go overboard as (13)________ of the discharged waters. The volumes of such discharges reach thousands of tons of oil a year. Another characteristic of the (14)_________ composition of most produced waters is their very high (15)_________ . It is usually higher than the seawater's salinity reaching up to 300 g/l. Such mineralization is caused by the (16) _________of dissolved ions of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate in produced waters. Besides, produced waters often contain (17)_________ inhibitors, biocides, dispersants, emulsion breakers, and other chemicals. (18)_________ studies have revealed that produced waters frequently contain naturally (19)________ radioactive elements and their daughter products, such as radium-226 and radium-228. They are leached from the reservoir by formation waters and are carried to the surface with produced waters, oil, and gas. During contact with seawater, these radionuclides (20)________ with sulfates, precipitate, and form a relatively low level of radioactivity.
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PRODUCE
FORM DRILL
MIXTURE
COMPOSE
CHANGE ESPECIAL
TECHNOLOGY
DEPENDANCE
EFFECTIVE
SEPARATE
CONCENTRATE PARTIAL
CHEMISTRY
MINERALIZE
PRESENT
CORRODE
RECENTLY
OCCURRENCE
INTERACTIVE |