- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Petroleum refining and natural gas processing
- •Basic Refinery Process: Description and History
- •III. Find words and word combinations that mean the following.
- •IV. Summarize the history of refining using the following table.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 2 Major Refinery Products
- •I. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 3 Petroleum Refining Operations
- •I. Read the text and match the paragraphs with the headings.
- •II. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •Description of petroleum refining processes
- •I. Read the text and complete the sentences with the words below. Text 4 Crude Oil Pretreatment (Desalting) and Distillation (Fractionation)
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •I. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the sentences (a-j).
- •II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions, matching the figures in column a with their answers in column b.
- •III. Find words that mean the following.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 7 Natural Gas Processing
- •I. Answer the following questions before reading the text.
- •II. You are going to read the text about pipelines. For each of the questions choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text.
- •When and who constructed the first world’s oil pipeline?
- •The pipelines are widely used to transport hydrocarbons because...
- •Natural gas ...
- •I. Give missing headings for each pipeline section described in the text basing on the diagram below.
- •Pipeline components
- •II. Answer the questions by choosing from the pipeline sections a-e. The sections may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning [0].
- •Types of pipelines
- •I. You are going to read the text about pipeline operation. Before reading it discuss and answer the following questions in groups.
- •II. Now read the text and for each of the questions 1-5 choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text. Pipeline operation
- •III. Now describe the pipeline operation system basing on the information from the text and diagram bellow.
- •I. You are going to read the text about gas storage. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •II. Now read the text and match the purposes a-h with their explanations in the text.
- •Reasons for gas storage construction
- •III. There exist several characteristics of underground storage facilities, which need to be defined and measured. Match each volumetric measure with the corresponding description.
- •IV. Now use three of the underground storage characteristics given in Ex. III to fill in the gaps in the following text.
- •I. You are going to read the text about types of gas storages. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •(C) Depleted Gas Reservoir
- •(B) Aquifer Reservoir
- •III. Match the word or expression with its translation.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps in the texts below with words and expressions from Exercise III.
- •Pipeline Capacity
- •I. You are going to read the text about the future of gas storage technology. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •I. You are going to read the text about ecological aspects of oil and gas industry. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and supply it with a suitable title.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Read the text again and write a summary of it. It shouldn’t exceed one third of the text.
- •V. Render the text in English.
- •VI. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Text 2 Greenhouse Gases
- •I. Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and check your answers.
- •Table 1: Greenhouse Gases
- •Text 3 Waste Discharges during the Offshore Oil and Gas Activity
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with words and
- •Text 4 Chemical Composition of Discharged Wastes
- •I. Read part I and give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.
- •Part I Drilling Fluids and Cuttings
- •II. Are the following statements true or false?
- •Part II Produced Waters
- •I. Check that you know the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary where necessary.
- •II. Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct form of the words in capitals given in column b. Define their part of speech.
- •Part III Atmospheric Emissions
- •I. Express the main idea of each paragraph in a single sentence in English.
- •II. Suggest a suitable heading for each paragraph.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •Part IV Other Wastes
- •I. Before reading the text try to guess what other wastes can accompany oil and gas operations in offshore developments.
- •References
Text 3 Waste Discharges during the Offshore Oil and Gas Activity
I. Five sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from sentences A-F the one which you think best fits each gap. There is one extra sentence you don’t need to use. Here is a procedure for doing this type of task.
Read the text once again to make sure that you have a good general idea what it is about.
Look at the sentences that have been removed and try to get an idea of the subject of each one.
Look at each gap in the text in turn, at the sentence before it and the sentence after it, try putting in the most likely missing sentences. Look for clues to help you e.g. words like that, it or he that refer to something or someone in the sentence before.
Decide on one sentence for each gap. If later you want to use a particular sentence again, go back and check where you have used it before. There may be a different sentence that would fit in this gap.
A. Produced waters include formation water, brine, injection water, and other technological waters. B. The lubricants are added into the drilling fluids either from the very beginning as a part of the original formulations or in the process of drilling when the operational need emerges. C. For example, the amount of solid drilling cuttings usually decreases as the well gets deeper and the hole diameter becomes correspondingly smaller. D. Sometimes, it is baked or calcified and transported to the shore. E. Landfill is a common way of disposing of solid waste, while liquid waste is often injected underground. F. The first variant is the most usual and is practiced almost everywhere, while the second one still remains an unrealized ecological requirement.
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Practically all stages and operations of offshore hydrocarbon production are accompanied by undesirable discharges of liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes. The proportions and amounts of discharged wastes can change considerably during production. (1) The volumes of produced waters increase as the hydrocarbon resources are being depleted and production moves from the first stages toward its completion.
The discharges of produced waters considerably dominate over other wastes. (2) Formation water and brine are extracted along with oil and gas. Injection water is pumped into the injection wells in hundreds of thousands of tons for maintaining the pressure in the system and pushing the hydrocarbons toward the producing wells. All of these waters are usually polluted by oil, natural low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, inorganic salts, and technological chemicals. These waters need to be cleaned before they are discharged into the sea. Such cleaning under marine conditions is a complicated technical task. Special separation units on the platforms are used for oil separation. Depending on its quality, the produced water is either discharged into the sea or injected into the disposal well. Sometimes the oil-water mixtures are transported along the pipelines to onshore separation units.
Inevitably, all kinds of drilling are associated with drilling wastes, including drilling muds and cuttings. Drilling cuttings are removed from drilling muds and cleaned in special separators. The amount of oil left on cuttings after cleaning is much higher when using oil-based fluids. Separated drilling muds and cleaning fluids used to treat cuttings are partially returned to the circulating system. Drilling cuttings and the rest of the drilling muds are either dumped overboard or transported to the shore for further treatment and disposal, depending on the situation and ecological requirements. (3) Recently, a technology was developed to remove the drilling wastes, especially cuttings, by reinjecting their slurry into a geological formation. This gives some hope to achieving zero discharge of oil-containing wastes during offshore oil and gas production.
The environmental hazard of drilling muds is connected, in particular, with the presence of lubricating materials in their composition. (4) In both cases, the discharges of spent drilling muds and cuttings coated by these muds contain considerable amounts of relatively stable and toxic hydrocarbon compounds and a wide spectrum of many other substances.
One of the potential sources of oil pollution is produced sand extracted with oil. The amount of produced sand coated by oil can vary a lot in different areas and even during production in the same area. In some cases, it constitutes a considerable part of the extracted product. Most often, this sand is cleaned of the oil and dumped overboard at the well site. (5) The other discharges into the marine environment (deck drainage, sanitary and domestic wastes, and so on), do not play essential roles in the environmental situation in the areas of oil and gas developments. They are treated and disposed in accordance with the norms regulating discharges from the ships.