- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Petroleum refining and natural gas processing
- •Basic Refinery Process: Description and History
- •III. Find words and word combinations that mean the following.
- •IV. Summarize the history of refining using the following table.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 2 Major Refinery Products
- •I. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 3 Petroleum Refining Operations
- •I. Read the text and match the paragraphs with the headings.
- •II. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •Description of petroleum refining processes
- •I. Read the text and complete the sentences with the words below. Text 4 Crude Oil Pretreatment (Desalting) and Distillation (Fractionation)
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •I. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the sentences (a-j).
- •II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions, matching the figures in column a with their answers in column b.
- •III. Find words that mean the following.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 7 Natural Gas Processing
- •I. Answer the following questions before reading the text.
- •II. You are going to read the text about pipelines. For each of the questions choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text.
- •When and who constructed the first world’s oil pipeline?
- •The pipelines are widely used to transport hydrocarbons because...
- •Natural gas ...
- •I. Give missing headings for each pipeline section described in the text basing on the diagram below.
- •Pipeline components
- •II. Answer the questions by choosing from the pipeline sections a-e. The sections may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning [0].
- •Types of pipelines
- •I. You are going to read the text about pipeline operation. Before reading it discuss and answer the following questions in groups.
- •II. Now read the text and for each of the questions 1-5 choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text. Pipeline operation
- •III. Now describe the pipeline operation system basing on the information from the text and diagram bellow.
- •I. You are going to read the text about gas storage. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •II. Now read the text and match the purposes a-h with their explanations in the text.
- •Reasons for gas storage construction
- •III. There exist several characteristics of underground storage facilities, which need to be defined and measured. Match each volumetric measure with the corresponding description.
- •IV. Now use three of the underground storage characteristics given in Ex. III to fill in the gaps in the following text.
- •I. You are going to read the text about types of gas storages. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •(C) Depleted Gas Reservoir
- •(B) Aquifer Reservoir
- •III. Match the word or expression with its translation.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps in the texts below with words and expressions from Exercise III.
- •Pipeline Capacity
- •I. You are going to read the text about the future of gas storage technology. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •I. You are going to read the text about ecological aspects of oil and gas industry. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and supply it with a suitable title.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Read the text again and write a summary of it. It shouldn’t exceed one third of the text.
- •V. Render the text in English.
- •VI. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Text 2 Greenhouse Gases
- •I. Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and check your answers.
- •Table 1: Greenhouse Gases
- •Text 3 Waste Discharges during the Offshore Oil and Gas Activity
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with words and
- •Text 4 Chemical Composition of Discharged Wastes
- •I. Read part I and give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.
- •Part I Drilling Fluids and Cuttings
- •II. Are the following statements true or false?
- •Part II Produced Waters
- •I. Check that you know the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary where necessary.
- •II. Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct form of the words in capitals given in column b. Define their part of speech.
- •Part III Atmospheric Emissions
- •I. Express the main idea of each paragraph in a single sentence in English.
- •II. Suggest a suitable heading for each paragraph.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •Part IV Other Wastes
- •I. Before reading the text try to guess what other wastes can accompany oil and gas operations in offshore developments.
- •References
Text 2 Greenhouse Gases
I. Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
What are the main greenhouse gases?
Why are they considered to be dangerous?
What greenhouse gases do the following chemical formulas stand for?
CO, CO2, CH4, H2S, NOx, N2O, SO2, VOC's
Do you know any efficient ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
II. Read the text and check your answers.
Exploration and production activities result in the release or emission of several greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Small quantities of other gases such as the hydrocarbons propane and butane, and other products of fuel combustion are also released.
Greenhouse gases are those gases suspected of contributing to global warming in the lower atmosphere (Table 1). The primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activities is carbon dioxide from energy use, including transport and industrial processes, land use change and forestry and energy production. The main sources of methane emissions are coal mining, agriculture, decomposing wastes and energy production.
Table 1: Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse Gas |
Description |
Carbon dioxide (CO2) |
CO2 is the dominant greenhouse gas and effectively accounts for about 75% of all greenhouse gas emissions. |
Methane (CH4) |
CH4 is a very effective greenhouse gas with a high global warming potential (GWP), and although present at much lower levels than CO2 may have significant impact because of this higher GWP. The main source of CH4 is from agriculture (mainly livestock). |
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) |
Nitrogen oxides consist of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NOx is a small component of greenhouse emissions (<1%). |
Nitrous oxides (N2O) |
N2O is a gas produced both naturally and by combustion of fuels. The majority of N2O (80%) is produced from agriculture. They mostly come from burning fuel (cars and power stations). |
Volatile organic compounds (VOC's) |
Volatile organic compounds are hydrocarbons (excluding methane) which are capable of forming oxidants (particularly ozone) by reactions with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight. Major sources of VOC's are vehicles, solvents and process industry emissions. |
Carbon monoxide (CO) |
CO is generated as a result of incomplete combustion (e.g. poorly maintained wood heaters and cars), and reacts preferentially with naturally occurring hydroxyl radicals in the lower atmosphere. This has the effect of increasing the lifetime of VOC's and so enhances the formation of photochemical smog. |
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) |
H2S is a toxic gas occurring naturally during decomposition. Natural gas is normally treated to remove this H2S to form sulphur or it can be burned. H2S forms SO2 during the combustion process or photochemically when released to the atmosphere. |
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) |
SO2 results in dry acid deposition and in the formation of acid rain thereby increasing the acidity of soils. |
An inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from flaring, venting and fuel consumption in exploration and production industry reveals that approximately 50% of emissions are sourced from fuel consumed in the machinery and equipment used to produce petroleum.
Oil and gas explorers and producers are actively identifying where, and how much, greenhouse gas emissions are produced in their operations. Efforts are being made across the industry to reduce these emissions through measures that are technically and economically possible.
Natural gas is one of the cleanest fuels to use to produce heat and electricity. This growth in gas use means that emission from gas explorers and producers are likely to increase. The net effect is positive, as switching to natural gas means less emissions overall.