- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Petroleum refining and natural gas processing
- •Basic Refinery Process: Description and History
- •III. Find words and word combinations that mean the following.
- •IV. Summarize the history of refining using the following table.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 2 Major Refinery Products
- •I. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 3 Petroleum Refining Operations
- •I. Read the text and match the paragraphs with the headings.
- •II. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •Description of petroleum refining processes
- •I. Read the text and complete the sentences with the words below. Text 4 Crude Oil Pretreatment (Desalting) and Distillation (Fractionation)
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •I. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the sentences (a-j).
- •II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •III. Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions, matching the figures in column a with their answers in column b.
- •III. Find words that mean the following.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 7 Natural Gas Processing
- •I. Answer the following questions before reading the text.
- •II. You are going to read the text about pipelines. For each of the questions choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text.
- •When and who constructed the first world’s oil pipeline?
- •The pipelines are widely used to transport hydrocarbons because...
- •Natural gas ...
- •I. Give missing headings for each pipeline section described in the text basing on the diagram below.
- •Pipeline components
- •II. Answer the questions by choosing from the pipeline sections a-e. The sections may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning [0].
- •Types of pipelines
- •I. You are going to read the text about pipeline operation. Before reading it discuss and answer the following questions in groups.
- •II. Now read the text and for each of the questions 1-5 choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which you think best fits according to the text. Pipeline operation
- •III. Now describe the pipeline operation system basing on the information from the text and diagram bellow.
- •I. You are going to read the text about gas storage. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •II. Now read the text and match the purposes a-h with their explanations in the text.
- •Reasons for gas storage construction
- •III. There exist several characteristics of underground storage facilities, which need to be defined and measured. Match each volumetric measure with the corresponding description.
- •IV. Now use three of the underground storage characteristics given in Ex. III to fill in the gaps in the following text.
- •I. You are going to read the text about types of gas storages. Before reading it discuss the following question.
- •(C) Depleted Gas Reservoir
- •(B) Aquifer Reservoir
- •III. Match the word or expression with its translation.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps in the texts below with words and expressions from Exercise III.
- •Pipeline Capacity
- •I. You are going to read the text about the future of gas storage technology. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •I. You are going to read the text about ecological aspects of oil and gas industry. Before reading it discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and supply it with a suitable title.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Read the text again and write a summary of it. It shouldn’t exceed one third of the text.
- •V. Render the text in English.
- •VI. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Text 2 Greenhouse Gases
- •I. Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
- •II. Read the text and check your answers.
- •Table 1: Greenhouse Gases
- •Text 3 Waste Discharges during the Offshore Oil and Gas Activity
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with words and
- •Text 4 Chemical Composition of Discharged Wastes
- •I. Read part I and give English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.
- •Part I Drilling Fluids and Cuttings
- •II. Are the following statements true or false?
- •Part II Produced Waters
- •I. Check that you know the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary where necessary.
- •II. Fill in the gaps in the text with the correct form of the words in capitals given in column b. Define their part of speech.
- •Part III Atmospheric Emissions
- •I. Express the main idea of each paragraph in a single sentence in English.
- •II. Suggest a suitable heading for each paragraph.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Match the Russian and English equivalents.
- •Part IV Other Wastes
- •I. Before reading the text try to guess what other wastes can accompany oil and gas operations in offshore developments.
- •References
Федеральное агентство по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
Санкт-Петербургский государственный горный институт им. Г.В. Плеханова
(технический университет)
A PRACTICAL COURSE
FOR THE ACQUISITION OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN ENGLISH IN THE AREA OF OIL-AND-GAS ENGINEERING
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС ОСВОЕНИЯ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ ПО НЕФТЕГАЗОВОМУ ДЕЛУ
Учебное пособие
Санкт-Петербург
2008
УДК 802.0: 655.6 / 811.111 (075.83)
ББК 81.2-7 Англ.: 35.514
П 692
Авторы:
А.И. Михеев, М.А. Перфилова, И.С. Рогова, К.В. Федоров
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1-2 курсов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 130500 «Нефтегазовое дело».
Изучение предложенного материала направлено на развитие навыков и умений чтения и перевода литературы по специальности с последующим использованием извлеченной информации для речевой практики.
Учебное пособие состоит из текстовых блоков и упражнений, направленных на активизацию познавательной деятельности обучающихся, освоение нового лексического материала и на развитие коммуникативных умений на английском языке, что позволяет мотивировать интерес студентов к будущей специальности.
Библиогр.: 9.
Научный редактор: доц. А. И. Михеев
Рецензенты: кафедра педагогики Российского государственного педагогического университета им. А.И. Герцена; канд. лингв. наук проф. В.В.Кириллова (Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический университет растительных полимеров)
Практический курс освоения научно-технической информации на английском языке по направлению «Нефтегазовое дело». Учеб. пособие / А.И. Михеев, М.А. Перфилова, И.С. Рогова, К.В. Федоров; Санкт-Петербургский государственный горный институт (технический университет). СПб, 2008. 92с.
УДК 802.0: 655.6 / 811.111 (075.83)
ББК 81.2-7 Англ.: 35.514
|
© Санкт-Петербургский горный институт им Г. В. Плеханова, 2008г. |
Contents
Preface (Предисловие)……………………………………………4
Unit 1. Oil Refinery………………………..……………...………..5
Unit 2. Oil and Natural Gas Transportation and Storage………....41
Unit 3. Environmental Aspects of Oil and Natural Gas Industry…64
References………………………………..………………...……..92
Предисловие
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1-2 курсов технического вуза, обучающихся по специальностям, которые связаны с деятельностью нефтегазовой промышленности.
Основной целью учебного пособия является развитие навыков чтения и перевода текстов по специальности. Особое внимание уделяется обучению различным видам чтения и накоплению активного словарного запаса, который включает наиболее употребительные для специальности термины и слова общетехнического значения.
Данное учебное пособие состоит из 3 разделов, содержащих информацию по важнейшим аспектам нефтегазового дела. Студентам предлагается ознакомиться с основными понятиями и информацией по темам: «Переработка нефти», «Транспортировка и хранение нефти и природного газа», «Экологические аспекты нефтегазовой отрасли».
Каждый текст сопровождается рядом заданий и упражнений, целью которых является контроль понимания прочитанного материала, умение ориентироваться в оригинальных технических текстах, отработка и закрепление лексического материала, контроль навыков перевода.
Учебное пособие написано в соответствии с программой по иностранным языкам для неязыковых вузов.
UNIT 1
Petroleum refining and natural gas processing
Text 1
Basic Refinery Process: Description and History
The petroleum industry began with the successful drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859, and the opening of the first refinery two years later to process the crude into kerosene as a cheaper and better source of light than whale oil. Petroleum refining has evolved from simple distillation to today's sophisticated processes in response to changing consumer demand for better and different products. Refining is the processing of one complex mixture of hydrocarbons into a number of other complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. Present-day refineries produce a variety of products including many required as feedstock for the petrochemical industry.
1. Distillation Processes. The first refinery, opened in 1861, produced kerosene by simple atmospheric distillation. Its by-products included tar and naphtha. It was soon discovered that high-quality lubricating oils could be produced by distilling petroleum under vacuum. However, for the next 30 years kerosene was the product consumers wanted. Two significant events changed this situation: (1) invention of the electric light decreased the demand for kerosene, and (2) invention of the internal combustion engine created a demand for diesel fuel and gasoline (naphtha).
2. Thermal Cracking Processes. With the advent of mass production and World War I, the number of gasoline-powered vehicles increased dramatically and the demand for gasoline grew accordingly. However, distillation processes produced only a certain amount of gasoline from crude oil. In 1913, the thermal cracking process was developed, which subjected heavy fuels to both pressure and intense heat, physically breaking the large molecules into smaller ones to produce additional gasoline and distillate fuels. Visbreaking, another form of thermal cracking, was developed in the late 1930's to produce more desirable and valuable products.
3. Catalytic Processes. Higher-compression gasoline engines required higher-octane gasoline with better antiknock characteristics. The introduction of catalytic cracking and polymerization processes in the mid-to-late 1930's met the demand by providing improved gasoline yields and higher octane numbers. Alkylation, another catalytic process developed in the early 1940's, produced more high-octane aviation gasoline and petrochemical feedstock for explosives and synthetic rubber. Subsequently, catalytic isomerization was developed to convert hydrocarbons to produce increased quantities of alkylation feedstock. Improved catalysts and process methods such as hydrocracking and reforming were developed throughout the 1960's to increase gasoline yields and improve antiknock characteristics. These catalytic processes also produced hydrocarbon molecules with a double bond (alkenes) and formed the basis of the modern petrochemical industry.
4. Treatment Processes. Throughout the history of refining, various treatment methods have been used to remove nonhydrocarbons, impurities, and other constituents that adversely affect the properties of finished products or reduce the efficiency of the conversion processes. Treating can involve chemical reaction and/or physical separation. Typical examples of treating are chemical sweetening, acid treating, clay contacting, caustic washing, hydrotreating, drying, solvent extraction, and solvent dewaxing. Sweetening compounds and acids desulfurize crude oil before processing and treat products during and after processing.
COMPREHENSION
I. Choose the best answer according to the text.
1. The first refinery was aimed at …
a. processing kerosene
b. processing whale oil
c. processing crude
d. drilling oil wells
2. The current state of petroleum refining can be called … .
a. complex
b. sophisticated
c. simple
d. changing
3. What advantage did distilling petroleum under vacuum give?
a. production of tar and naphtha
b. production of kerosene
c. production of high-quality lubricating oils
d. production of by-products
4. The demand for gasoline grew because ... .
a. the number of gasoline-powered vehicles increased
b. the thermal cracking process was developed
c. of mass production
d. of more desirable and valuable products
5. Which processes result in removing undesirable components?
a. catalytic processes
b. treatment processes
c. thermal cracking processes
d. distillation processes
II. Reread the text and fill in the gaps.
1. Petroleum refining has evolved from simple distillation to today's sophisticated processes in response to ... .
2. Refining is the processing of one complex mixture of hydrocarbons into .... .
3. Present-day refineries produce a variety of products including many required as .... .
4. However, for the next 30 years kerosene was ... .
5. Visbreaking, another form of thermal cracking, was developed in the late 1930's to .... .
6. Higher-compression gasoline engines required ... .
7. These catalytic processes also produced .... .
8. Treating can involve .... .
