Ex. 18. Retell the article “The Lungs and Benefits of Stopping Smoking” in Russian. The Lungs and Benefits of Stopping Smoking.
The sooner you stop, the less likely it is that your lungs and other organs will be damaged. Symptoms such as coughing can get better within days or weeks. Continuing to smoke causes a steady increase in shortness of breath. This limits your activity and increases the risks of lung and heart failure. It is never too late to think about stopping.
The risk of lung cancer increases the more you smoke, and the longer you smoke. Once you stop, the risk of lung cancer starts to go down. After ten years off cigarettes, the risk is halved compared to the risk if you had continued smoking.
Whilst some people go through life unaffected by smoking, millions do not. Too many people think 'It will never happen to me' - until they develop cancer or have their first heart attack.
People who switch from cigarettes to pipes or cigars gain very little benefit in terms of improved good health. Again, it is better to stop smoking completely.
Many doctors, hospitals and local health authorities run support groups and courses to help. Your GP can tell you what is available locally. Despite the difficulties, more smokers are managing to stop every day. It can be done and you will find very definite benefits in your health and the quality of your life.
Ex. 19. Read the text and answer the question in the title of the text.
How does second-hand smoke affect you?
When people are smoking, the air around them is polluted with tobacco smoke. This is called second-hand smoke. Second-hand smoke comes from two sources. The burning end of the cigarette produces smoke, and the smoker exhales smoke. When near a person smoking, non-smokers breathe second-hand smoke. Other names for breathing second-hand smoke are “passive smoking” and “involuntary smoking.” Passive smoking has bad effects on the lungs and airways in both adults and children. Researchers have studied adult non-smokers who breathe cigarette smoke in the work place. Results show these adults have impaired lungs. Second-hand smoke is a carcinogen. A carcinogen is a substance known to cause cancer. When you breathe second-hand smoke, your risk of lung cancer increases. When you breathe second-hand smoke, you can get: chronic cough, increased mucus, shortness of breath, trouble controlling asthma, more lung infections and pneumonia, lung cancer. People should stay away from second-hand smoke.
Home work.
Ex. 20. Read and translate the word combinations:
To deal with breathing, to take in the oxygen, to remove, the carbon dioxide, to need oxygen badly, to suck, to divide into smaller and smaller tubes, to be wrapped around something, to seeps through the walls easily, to control the breathing process, to be forced out, to prevent food from entering the trachea, to pump blood throughout the body, to expand and to contract, the extract oxygen from inhaled air, support the chest wall.
Ex. 21. Read and translate text B.
Ex. 22. Read the sentences below and answer the question: What is it?
The main muscle used for breathing; separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
The tube through which food passes from the mouth down into the stomach.
The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Thin sheets of muscle between each rib that expand (when air is inhaled) and contract (when air is exhaled).
Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous membrane and contains tiny, surface hairs called cilia.
Voice box.
The two organs that extract oxygen from inhaled air and expel carbon dioxide in exhaled air.
These muscles help move the diaphragm up and down for breathing.
The two main air passages into the lungs.
Bones attached to the spine and central portion of the breastbone, which support the chest wall and protect the heart, lungs, and other organs in the chest.
Located at the entrance of the nose, these hairs trap large particles that are inhaled.
Air spaces within the skull.
A flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea (or windpipe).
Area of the brain that controls breathing.
Covering the lung and lining the chest cavity, this membrane has 2 thin layers.
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart and lungs; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart.
3.
Class work.
Ex. 23. Match the words of the close meaning under A with the words under B.
A. to inhale, to exhale,to provide, to carry, to happen, to increase, to decrease, to result in, passive smoking, breath, to float, to produce, to impair, to lodge, to start, to be housed.
B. to breathe out, second-hand smoke, to cause, to be located, to grow, to reduce, to live, respiration, to swim, to make, to damage, to occur, to breathe in, to supply, to begin, to deliver.
Ex. 24. Find the Absolute Participle Constructions in the sentences given below. Translate the sentences.
A bad headache having been controlled, his mood changed for the better.
Susceptibility to cold being almost universal, the urban population suffers from 3-5 colds a year.
1000 children from the group that received hepatitis B virus vaccine were followed-up, all their parents being informed about the results.
The patients who committed suicide were treated for a shorter time than those who survived, the difference being not statistically significant.
Antidepressants can cause a number of withdrawal reactions, they starting witching a few days to a few weeks after stopping the drug and persisting from days to weeks. Treatment involves restarting the medication and tapering it more slowly.
Ex. 25. Repeat text A and ex.13 and write down 10 questions on lung anatomy.
Ex. 26. Find the Absolute Participle Construction. Translate the sentences.
Aspirin induced asthma is less common in children than in adults, it being 21% for adults and 5% for children according to our findings.
A significant proportion of asthmatic patients being sensitive to aspirin, we included standardized warnings on the packs of aspirin.
The incidence of sensitivity has varied in double-blind studies from 25% to 40%, these differences being due to variations in interpretations of the reactions.
Eight patients were reported for follow-up after kidney transplantation (mean duration 11 months), none having hypertension or urinary infection.
5. The drug also known by brand name Zaponex was prescribed in 7000 cases last year, many
of the prescriptions being repeated ones.
Ex. 27. Match the labels on picture 4 with the term below:
- Auditory tube opening - Nasal cavity
- Cardiac notch - Nasal conchae
- Carina - Nostril
- Diaphragm - Oral cavity
- Larynx - Pharynx
- Left lung - Right lung
- Left primary bronchus - Right primary bronchus
- Mediastinum -Trachea
Picture 4.
Ex. 28. Look at picture 5 and read text D. Entitle the text. Match the parts of the respiratory tract under A with the parts of a tree under B. The words below will help you in your work.
To visualize - рассматривать
a upside-down tree – перевёрнутое дерево
a trunk - ствол
a branch ветвь
tertiary - третичный
twigs - веточки
tiny tips- крошечные концы
the terminal - конечный
a duct – проход, проток
the leaves – листья
A. The lower respiratory tract, the trachea, the right and left primary bronchi, the bronchioles, the air sacs, the alveoli.
B. A branch, the twigs, an upside-down tree, the leaves, a trunk, the fruits.
Text D.
The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, the bronchi and their branches, and the various structures of the lungs, which are protected by the chest wall. The structures of the trachea and bronchi are best visualized as an upside-down tree. The tracheobronchial tree is composed of the main “trunk” (the trachea) that divides into two major branches (the right and left primary bronchi). These divide in turn into secondary and then tertiary bronchi, which branch again and again into “twigs” (the bronchioles) which hold the air sacs (or "fruits" of the tree). At the tiny tips of the twigs, the terminal bronchioles are the respiratory bronchioles, from which air passes through alveolar ducts into the alveoli, “the leaves” where gas exchange takes place.
Picture 5.
Ex. 29. Look through text E. and find and analyze the sentences with the Participles. Read and translate these sentences