- •Ответственный редактор
- •Рецензенты
- •General notion
- •Double nature of the participle
- •Inviting her friends to the party she sent them cards. – Indefinite Active
- •Tense distinctions of participles
- •If interrupted she will stop talking. – Future
- •Voice distinctions of participles
- •I saw him being followed.
- •Forms of participles
- •Participle II
- •Syntactic functions of рarтiciple I
- •2. Predicative
- •It didn't sound promising, but she thanked the clerk all the same.
- •3. Adverbial modifier:
- •I stayed at the office rather late, missing my bus home.
- •4. Parentheses.
- •Syntacтic functions оf рarтiciple II
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Predicative
- •I’ll be done in a moment and we’ll go together.
- •I wonder when you’ll be finished with this task.
- •3. Adverbial modifier
- •If discovered, this information will upset their plans.
- •Parтiciple I and тhe gerund
- •I won’t have you discussing this matter in her absence. – я не допущу, чтобы вы обсуждали этот вопрос в ее отсутствии.
- •Predicative соnsтruсions with тhe parтiciple
- •The objective participle construction
- •I want everybody invited.
- •I felt myself shivering.
- •I don’t know how it happened, but we have our project approved.
- •I’ll have the letters sent by tomorrow.
- •In a few months he made himself hated. The subjective participle construction
- •The nominative absolute participle construction
- •The prepositional absolute participle construction
- •Absolute constructions without participles
- •Exercises syntactic functions of participle I and participle II
- •I recognized the man taking the f1oor.
- •The gerund and the participle
- •Predicative соnsтruсions with тhe parтiciple
- •Revision of non-finite forms
- •Keys to the tests
- •Glossary
- •Selected bibliography
- •Books used for examples
- •344082, Г. Ростов н/д, ул. Садовая, 33.
I stayed at the office rather late, missing my bus home.
g) of condition
Participles are not often used in this function. In such sentences there is usually some kind of alternative expressed or implied:
Speaking politely, you’ll achieve more than if you shout at them.
Turning right, you’ll get to the waterfront, turning left, you’ll find yourself in front of the cathedral.
4. Parentheses.
In this syntactic function а participle phrase is used, for example: Generally speaking, Frankly speaking, Judging by..., Considering..., Taking into consideration...:
Frankly speaking, it is not exactly what I wanted.
Besides the syntactic functions mentioned above Participle I can be used in predicative constructions as а part of а complex object, а complex subject and in other syntactic functions.
We saw him writing this letter.
He was seen writing this letter.
He looked at her, his face expressing regret.
He used to walk here with his dog following him.
Syntacтic functions оf рarтiciple II
Participle II can be used in different syntactic functions. It can be used as attribute, predicative and adverbial modifier. If it takes an object or is modified by an adverb, the whole participle phrase performs the syntactic function.
1. Attribute.
As an attribute Participle II can be in pre-position and in post-position to the word it modifies. As а rule, Participle II is in pre-position when it doesn’t have accompanying words and it is in post-position when it has accompanying words such as an object or an adverbial modifier.
The unopened letter was from my father.
Kitty, unmoved by his words, wondered what exactly his wife had told him.
(S. Maugham)
As a limiting attribute Participle II is used in post-position:
The people questioned don’t know anything about the accident.
Those invited will start arriving pretty soon.
In some cases the meaning of the participle changes depending on its position:
They have two adopted kids.
The method adopted doesn’t seem to be very effective.
What’s the reason of this concerned attitude?
The accident turned out to be a tragedy for all concerned.
Participle II has no tense distinctions, so it is used when time correlation is either irrelevant or is expressed by other means. To show time correlation а subordinate clause is to be used.
Nicola, made bold by fear, flew into the living-room and snatched the paper from Ceri’s grasp. (J. Turner)
Twenty-four hours late, she left, her bags filled with the wardrobe the town people had donated. (M.H. Clark)
Participle II of transitive verbs usually has passive meaning: a broken branch, however not necessarily: а married man, а retired teacher, an advanced student, fallen leaves.
There are some cases when Participle I and Participle II show practically no difference.
А spy, hidden in the bushes, kept watch on the house.
А spy, hiding in the bushes, kept watch on the house.
In some cases there is aspect difference between Participle I and Participle II: fallen leaves – falling leaves, faded colours – fading colours, developed countries – developing countries.