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Tutorial for Masters.doc
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I. Read the text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list (a-g) for each part (1-5) of the text. There are two extra headings which you do not need to use.

  1. The Origin of Heat

  2. Impossibility of perpetual mobile.

  3. Familiarization with Energy and its Behavior.

  4. The First Law of Thermodynamics.

  5. Conduction as a Law of Thermodynamics.

  6. Heat Loss as a Reason.

  7. The Discovery of a Flask.

II. Read the text. For statements (6-15) choose “True” if the statement is true according to the text, “False” if the statement is false:

  1. Thermodynamics appeared early in the nineteenth century.

  2. It is possible to convert one form of energy into another.

  3. Conservation of energy is one of the main laws in physics.

  4. If a substance is warm it will give some of its energy to another substance.

  5. In case an object loses heat, it always loses energy.

  6. Scientists always have made machines to save energy.

  7. People made an effort to built a perpetuum mobile in the eighteenth century.

  8. There are a lot of different flasks produced by scientists long ago.

  9. The absence of air between the flask walls saves heat energy.

  10. To stop conduction we need to change the state of a substance.

III. Read the text. For questions (16-20) choose the correct answer (a, b, c or d).

  1. The first law of thermodynamics …

    1. was discovered by James Dewar.

    2. concerns the energy conservation.

    3. appeared in early 1900s.

    4. eventually was refuted.

  2. If one object is hotter than the other, it …

    1. looses its energy.

    2. creates a spark.

    3. converts energy into heat.

    4. causes the motion of particles.

  3. The temperature of each particle in any substance …

    1. changes greatly.

    2. remains the same.

    3. obeys the laws of thermodynamics.

    4. makes its average temperature.

  4. Perpetual motion machine …

    1. appeared in 1747.

    2. operated for a long time.

    3. can’t exist.

    4. looses heat.

  5. Internal vacuum in flasks …

    1. allows to keep liquids temperature the same.

    2. makes it popular among people.

    3. produces heat.

    4. heats the drinks in the flask.

IV. Match (21-30) with their definitions (a-l). There are two definitions that you do not need to use.

11.

to melt

A.

to push aside

12.

to restrict

B.

to become or make liquid

13.

to change

C.

functioning or producing effectively

14.

to remain

D.

the process of continual change in the physical position of an object

15.

molecule

E.

constituting part of a larger structure

16.

average

F.

energy, in the form of heat

17.

efficient

G.

to confine or keep within certain often specified limits

18.

motion

H

to make smaller

19.

partial

I.

the typical or normal amount

20.

to reduce

J.

the simplest unit of a chemical compound that can exist

K.

to make different

L.

to be left, as after use

Supplementary Tasks :

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