• Attending classes is necessary if you want ..

• It’s necessary for you to attend classes …

18 You mustn’t write your answers in ink.

• You may not write your …

• It’s against the rules to write your answers in ink.

• You’re not allowed to write your …

• You are not to write your answers in ink.

19 You should speak politely to your teachers.

• You had better speak politely to your teachers.

• You are obliged to speak politely to your teachers.

• My advice is that you should speak …

20 Why didn’t you consult your lawyer?

• You should / ought to have consulted the lawyer.

21 Could you come on Monday?

• Would it be possible for you to come on Monday?

• Would you mind coming on Monday?

• Would you possibly come on Monday?

• Does / would Monday suit you?

• Would Monday be OK for you?

23 Would you like to open a bank account?

• How about opening a bank account?

• Are you prepared financially to open a bank account?

• Are you interested in opening a bank account?

24 It is unlikely that she’ll get the job.

• She is bound to be turned down / Her application for the job is bound to be turned down

• There is little/no chance of her getting the job.

• The odds are against her getting the job.

• The odds are that she will not get the job.

25 She’s unlikely to pass the final exam.

• It’s highly unlikely that she will pass the exam.

26 He could certainly win the prize.

• There is a strong possibility that he will win the prize / of him winning the prize.

• There is every chance / likelihood that he’ll win the prize.

• He is bound to win the prize.

IV Modality - more difficult transformations

1 The thing I’d like to do most would be to go to the Greek islands again. MORE

There ______________________________________ to go to the Greek islands again.

2 You must drive more slowly in town. SPEED

You must __________________________________ in town.

3 The girl’s behaviour was incomprehensible to the Head teacher. LOSS

The Head Teacher ____________________________ the girl’s behaviour.

4 They will think your nephew stole the money. SUSPECTED

Your nephew ___________________________ the money.

5 United are bound to beat City. FOREGONE

It’s ____________________________________ City.

6 He can speak Arabic well enough to communicate in a job context. FLUENT

His Arabic ___________________________ in a job context.

7 He is famous for his vast knowledge of primitive religion. AUTHORITY

He’s _____________________ primitive religion.

8 Do you have to say goodbye to your aunt when she goes to the station? SEEN

Does your aunt _________________________ at the station?

9 The way he behaved was too much for me. PUT

I couldn’t _________________________________ any more.

10 There was no way of rescuing our dog, it was so ill. PUT

The dog had _____________________________, it was so ill.

11 He can speak German extremely well. COMMAND

He __________________________ of German.

12 I can’t understand why they do not want to sign the contract. RELUCTANCE

I am ________________________________ sign the contract.

13 While I do not accept the way you behaved, I’ll help you this time. HAND

Despite _________________ this time.

14 It’s essential that the circumstances of his dismissal be kept secret. FIND

Nobody ________________________________ his job.

15 He is quite inexperienced, yet he’s doing the job quite well. CONSIDERING

He’s not ___________________________ experience.

16 There is no way whatsoever of getting to the beach when the tide comes in. COMPLETELY

The beach ______________________________ tide.

17 There is very little likelihood that we’ll meet in America. MILLION

There is ______________________________ meeting in America.

18 You can’t possibly expect to have supper ready by 8 o’clock. QUESTION

It’s ________________________________ ready by 8 o’clock.

19 Without both of our signatures the contract is not binding. BOUND

We are not ____________________________________ the contract.

20 They talked about nothing except the weather. SOLE

The weather _________________________________ conversation.

21 I can’t afford a new dress so the old one will have to do MAKE

As I have no _________________________________ the old dress.

22 They’ll have to take the dog on holiday with them. BEHIND

They _______________________________________ on holiday.

23 Members of the public cannot enter the site. LIMITS

The site _____________________________________ the public

24 She can’t imagine her life without her family. WORLD

Her family ________________________________ her.

Transformations – key

1 The thing I’d like to do most would be to go to the Greek islands again. MORE

There is nothing I’d like to do more than to go to the Greek islands again.

2 You must drive more slowly in town. SPEED

You must reduce/decrease your speed when you drive/ when driving in town.

3 The girl’s behaviour was incomprehensible to the Head Teacher. LOSS

The Head Teacher was at a loss to understand/comprehend the girl’s behaviour.

4 They will think your nephew stole the money. SUSPECTED

Your nephew will be suspected of stealing / having stolen the money.

5 United are bound to beat City. FOREGONE

It’s a foregone conclusion that United will beat City.

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