II. Which word is different? Synonyms.

1. link, connect, relate, separate, associate, bring together, link up, network, join, combine, couple, conjoin;

2. let, permit, agree, consent, forbid, tolerate, countenance, sanction;

3. locate, place, put, remove, position, situate, fix, station, post, set, establish;

4. increase, upsurge, surge, rise, growth, intensification, decrease, escalation, proliferation, upturn, spread, expansion, multiplication, buildup;

5. do, carry out, achieve, make, act upon, complete, accomplish, execute, implement, present, act, play, put on, stage, do, enact, impersonate, function, work, behave, act, go, run, operate, react, perform, manage, fail.

III. Find the meaning of the following words.

1. b	to support	a	to recognize and name; consider as same
2.	to identify	b	to provide assistant with computer system
3.	to remain	c	to handle and control something
4.	to transfer	d	to have smth. as property
5.	to own	e	to copy a design or image from a piece of paper onto a different material
6.	to designate	f	to provide new information
7.	to update	g	to mark or indicate smth.
8.	to manage	h	to continue in a particular state without changing

IV. Guess the word. The meaning is given to you.

1. to be designed to allow smth. (a specific type of software, computer device or programming language, to operate with it –

2. to work with other person or group oin order to achieve smth.-

3. to vary according to a circumstances –

4. to arise, appear or occur –

5. to use something to achieve a result –

6. to happen, exist, come about, be present –

V. Choose the core word.

Flow chart, flow cytometry, flow diagram, flow karyotyping, flow rack, flow sheet, flow statistics -

VI. Guess the sentence encoded.

gjljhThertthcxwebjhfdesitegdwbbcis;kjhgupdatedyfrwfvevery;khgdsmonthkfssl.

Task 3 Can you read and understand? Let’s try!

I. a) Read the following text, draw in your notebook and complete the table by filling the columns with the underlined words according to the part of speech they are in the text and by forming all possible parts of speech. The example is given.

verb	translation	noun	adjective/ adverb	synonym
to effect	впливати, ефективно	effect	effectively	efficiently, successfully, well

b) Study the text, give your own title to it, try to encounter types of networks and explain how they are set up physically. By the end of this reading you should be able to answer the following questions: What is (Computer) Networking? What is a WAN? How are the Networks classified?

Part I

As companies grow and purchase more computers, they often find it advantageous to connect those computes through a network, a group of two or more computers linked together. This allows users to share software and hardware such as printers, scanners, and other devices. In addition to using a local network, organizations use more far-reaching networks to connect to employees, suppliers, and customers nationally and even internationally.The locations can be in the same city or in different locations all over the world.

Most people think of networks as fairly complicated. However, at the lowest level, networks are not that complex. In fact, a network is simply a group of two or more computers linked together. As the size of a network increases and more devices are added, installing devices and managing the network becomes more technical. Even so, networking concepts and terminology basically remain the same regardless of size or type.

Different types of networks. Different types of networks transfer different types of data.

 Computer network – you can transfer text, images, video, and audio files.

 Telephone network – similar in makeup to a computer network, though its transfers voice data.

 Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) supports telephone service and is the world’s collection of interconnected commercial and government-owned voice-oriented systems. Digital, mobile, and standard telephones are supported through this network.

Identifying the Benefits of a Network. To identify the benefits of a network, you might think first about the biggest network of all – the Internet. Consider some of the many changes that have occurred in our society in the last few years because of the Internet. One profound change is electronic mail. A network provides instant communication, and e-mail messages are delivered almost immediately.

Information sharing. Authorized users can access computers on the network to share information, data, and other resources. People share information through special group projects, newsgroups, databases, blogs, FTP (file transfer protocol), Internet telephony (ex. Skype), instant messaging, social media, and so on. Users around the world can connect to each other to access, share, and exchange information.

Collaborative environment. A shared environment enables users to exchange files and collaborate on group projects by combining the power and capabilities of diverse equipment and software, thus increasing personal productivity.

Hardware sharing. It is not necessary to purchase a printer or a scanner or other frequently used peripherals for each computer. Instead, one device connected to a network can serve the needs of many users.

Software sharing. Instead of purchasing and installing software on every computer, it can be installed on the server. All of the users can then access the program from this one central location. Software sharing saves money because companies can purchase a site license for their users. This practice is less expensive than purchasing individual software packages, and updating software on the server is much easier and more efficient than updating it on individual computers.

Enhanced communications. Electronic mail, text messages, social media, and other electronic communication have changed the way the world interacts. One advantage is the almost instantaneous delivery of e-mail. The cost for e-mail does not depend on the size of the message or the distance the message has to travel.

In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a combination of computer hardware and computer software.

Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans. One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common examples of area network types are:

LAN - Local Area Network

WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

WAN - Wide Area Network. The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines.

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network

CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network

PAN - Personal Area Network

DAN - Desk Area Network

LAN and WAN were the original categories of area networks, while the others have gradually emerged over many years of technology evolution.

Note that these network types are a separate concept from network topologies such as bus, ring and star.

Part II

The design of a network, including how it is set up physically, is called its architecture. Client/Server Network. In this type of architecture, one or more computers on the network acts as a server. The server manages network resources. Depending on the size of the network, several servers might be connected. A print server manages the printing and database server manages a large database. In most instances, a server is a high-speed computer with considerable storage space. The network operating system software and network versions of software applications are stored on the server. All the other computers on the network are called clients. They share the server resources and other peripheral such as hubs, firewalls, and routers.

Hub. Is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together. Users access the server by entering a user name and password. Some networks use a switch, which performs the same tasks as a hub and is much faster.

Peer-to-Peer Network. In a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, all the computes are equal. No computer is designated as the server. People on the network each determine what files on their computer they share with others on the network. This type of network is much easier to set up and manage. Many small offices use P2P networks. Some types of P2P networks allow you to download different parts of file simultaneously from several computes at the same time. Using this format, you can potentially get much faster downloads and get larger files more quickly.

A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring networks and mesh networks.

Classification of Networks. Networks are also classified by the type of technology they use to share information. Most networks use the Internet Protocol (IP) technology to share data and resources. Intranet. Is designed for the exclusive use of people within an organization. Many businesses have implemented intranets. Documents such as handbooks and employee manuals, newsletters, employment forms, and other relevant company documents are the types of files stored on an intranet server. Extranet. Is similar to an intranet, but allows specific users outside of the organization to access internal information systems. Like the Internet, intranets and extranets use and support Web technologies, such as hyperlinks and Web pages coded in hypertext markup language (HTML). Internet. Is a worldwide system composed of thousands of smaller networks. This global network allows computers worldwide to connect and exchange information.The Web and electronic mail are two of the more popular components of the Internet.

The popularity of computer networks sharply increased with the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the 1990s. Public Web sites, peer to peer (P2P) file sharing systems, and various other services run on Internet servers across the world.