Text V: The Development of Trade

EARLY TRADE. For thousands of years, families produced most of the things they needed themselves. They grew or hunted their own food, made their own simple tools and utensils, built their own houses, and made their own clothes. Later people learned that they could have more and better goods and services by specializing and trading with others. As civilization advanced, exchanges became so common that some individuals did nothing but conduct trade. These people became known as merchants.

The most famous early land merchants were the Babylonians and, later, the Arabs. These traders travelled on foot or rode donkeys or camels. The Phoenicians were the chief sea traders of ancient times.

Trade was very important during the hundreds of years the Roman Empire ruled much of the world. Roman ships brought tin from Britain, and slaves, cloth, and gems from the Orient. For more than 500 years after the fall of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476, little international trade took place.

THE EXPANSION OF TRADE began in the 1100’s and 1200’s, largely because of increased contacts between people. The crusades encouraged European trade with the Middle East. Marco Polo and other European merchants made the long trip to the Far East to trade for Chinese goods. Italians in Genoa, Pisa, and Venice built great fleets of ships to carry goods from country to country.

A great period of overseas exploration began in the 1400’s. Trade routes between Europe and Africa, India, and Southeast Asia were established as a result of the explorations. In the 1500’s and 1600’s, private groups formed companies, usually with government approval, to trade in new areas.

TRADE TODAY affects the lives of most people. Improved transportation permits trade between all parts of the world. Through specialization, more and better goods and services are produced. Increased production has led to higher incomes, enabling people to buy more of these goods and services.

*Невідомі слова з текстів виписати у словник.

Unit іі exercises*

І. Заповніть пропуски словами поданими справа. Завдання виконайте письмово. Утворений текст перекладіть.

а)

A company is also called a firm or a business. While it is producing goods or trading, it is said to be in business. A f….. which is just starting up is going into b….. and a company which stops operating goes out of b…… If a c….. gets bigger, it expands. The expansion of a f….. means it can produce more goods or sell more of its products.	firm business business company firm
b)
A company which sells goods in large quantities (in bulk) is called a wholesale distributor (or wholesaler). A company or person buying goods in b….. (or w…..) and sellling them in small quantities is a retailer. Most local shops are r….. ans sell goods r……	bulk wholesale retailers retail
c)
An area where there is a demand for certain goods is called a m…… A company which m….. (sells) goods locally caters for the l….. market. Goods sold in the same country as they are produced are sold on the home (or domestic) m…… A company which sells goods abroad is an exporter. An e….. (or export company) sells goods on the international (or overseas) m…… The goods it e….. are called e…… A company which starts selling goods o….. is said to go into exporting (or to go into the e….. business). An importer buys goods abroad and i….. them into his own country. The goods are then called i….. and the process of i….. is called importation.	market markets local market exporter market exports exports overseas export/exporting imports imports importing
d)
When a company starts to sell goods in a new market, they often do some m….. research or a preliminary study to see if the project is feasible. They r….. (investigate) the m….. potential or do a feasibility s….. to see if they will make money by selling in the new m….. (i.e. to see if the p….. is viable).	market research market study market product/project
e)
Before a company can quote a price (or give a quotation) for goods, they must take into consideration all their costs; the production c….., shipping, insurance, etc. The total of all these c….. is called the overall cost. The costing is usually done before a model is produced or exported, so the company must calculate (or work out) their o….. costs in advance. From these figures they can w….. out the cost of each model (the unit c…..). All the calculations are written on the c….. sheet. The company also takes into c….. their profit. They will usually allow a p….. margin of at least 10%. So when a company give a q….. for a model, they have built into the price their o….. costs and profit m……	costs costs overall work cost costing consideration profit quotation overall margin

ІІ.Складіть по 10 запитань до текстів та запишіть.

ІІІ. Заповніть пропуски вибравши правильний варіант відповіді. Речення запишіть та перекладіть.

1.The term of home trade is rather wide and is used … all trading activities.

a) describe b) to describe c) to be described

2. …. as much as possible about the prospect allows a salesperson to tailor the approach.

a) Knew b) Known c) Knowing

3. Trains, tracks, aeroplanes make it possible … large quantities of goods easily now.

a) move b) to move c) moving

4. We’ll earn more if we … production.

a) to increase b) increasing c) increase

5. Goods are passed on from producers to consumers through people … middlemen.

a) called b) calling c) are called

6. Trade is known … an assential part of free economy.

a) being b) to be c) been

7. Often buyers and sellers do not even see the product … … .

a) being traded b) to be trade c) was traded

8. Agricultural goods are often traded at organized markets … commodity exchanges.

a) calling b) to call c) called

9. Trade is known … … … in markets.

a) to take place b) taking place c) took place

10. Consumers help … prices and what they want.

a) to be determined b) determined c) to determined

11. The term of home trade is rather wide and is used … all trading activities.

a) describe b) to describe c) to be described

12. Trains, trucks, aeroplanes make it possible … large quantities of goods easily and cheaply.

a) move b) to move c) moving

13. Today advertising persuades people of many different countries … the same products.

a) to use b) to be used c) uses

14. Payment is … for the goods in US dollars.

a) make b) to be make c) to be made

15. The term of payment is …tomorrow.

a) discussing b) to be discussed c) to discuss

16. The commercial documents are … immediately.

a) to be send b) to send c) sending

17. If the price is known it …possible to order these goods.

a) is b) will be c) would be

18. If all the other conditions … constant, we shall buy this.

a) remained b) remains c) remain

19. If regions specialize in what they produce, they … their most plentifull resources.

a) will use b) would use c) shall use

20. If people do not produce everything they need themselves, they …dependent on others.

a) would become b) will became c) will become

21. We’ll earn more if we … production.

a) increases b) increase c) will increase

22. If all the conditions remain constant we … more goods.

a) shall get b) get c) should get

23. If the temperature increases the foodstuffs … .

a) would spoil b) spoil c) will spoil

IV. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою та запишіть.

1. Торгівля – це обмін товарами та послугами. Є два основних види торгівлі – роздрібна та гуртова.

2.Товари цієї фірми - високої якості. Нам потрібні ці товари терміново.

3.Ціни на це обладнання зростають. Але проблема ціни вже вирішена.

4.Ми цікавимося товарами вашої фірми.Термін оплати обговоримо завтра.

5.Без грошей люди обмінюються товарами на інші товари. Така система торгівлі називається бартером.

6.Велика кількість товарів продається на ринках. Споживачі купують там одяг, продукти та інші товари.

7.Споживач - це особа, яка купує товари для особистого вжитку. А продукт споживання це – товар чи послуга вжиті для особистого чи сімейного вжитку.

8.Часто виробники та споживачі не спілкуються один з одним. Товари постачаються від виробника до споживача через посередників.

9.Торговий шлях – це шлях, по якому товари перевозять з однієї території на іншу. Торгові шляхи впливають на ріст цивілізації.

10.Компанія ,яка продає товари великими кількостями, називається гуртівня. Ціни на товари на гуртівні значно нижчі.

V. Складіть 5 речень, використовуючи слова та словосполучення. Утворені речення запишіть і перекладіть.

Company, customer satisfaction, establish, high-quality products, create.

VІ. З поданих слів складіть речення. Утворені речення запишіть та перекладіть.

1. Or; be; package; of; can; various; the; colours; materials; sizes.

2. Distributions; a; customers; reaches; a; through; product; of; channel.

3. More; strategy; then; most; one; companies; implement; marketing.

4. Conserned; for; economists; have; been; market; years; behavior; with.

5. Try; may; to; attract; customers; the; competitors; firm.

6. Must; societies; the; provide; all; of; members; for; their; needs.

7. Are; population; the; among; services; distributed; and; goods.

8. Of; was; together; the; someone; needed; production; to; sale; tie; purchasing; efforts; research; and.

9. In; organization; a; nonprofit; the; measure; same; way; not; does; as; firm; profit; a; forprofit.

10. Ways; there; satisfy; many; the; possible; to; customers; of; needs; target; are.

VIІ. Складіть і запишіть 5 речень з поданої таблиці. Речення перекладіть і підкресліть об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс.

I He She We You

heard watched found want saw

the telephone the participants of the conference her it a plane

playing the piano. discussing the problem. ringing in the next room. flying in the sky. done immediately.

8. Складіть і запишіть 5 речень з поданої таблиці. Речення перекладіть і підкресліть незалежний дієприкметниковий комплекс.

The papers having been delivered, The main topic of the conference being of great interest, The weather being very cold, The new technological facilities having been emerged, The work finished,

discussions started on them. She put off the trip. The scientists decided to attend the conference. The staff left the office. Reconstruction of some branches of industry was possible.

9. Складіть і запишіть 5 речень з поданої таблиці. Речення перекладіть і підкресліть суб’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс.

I The professor This method We They

was were

watched observed noticed considered heard

entering the department store. playing the computer. presenting technological facilities. used. reading the lecture.

9. a) Складіть і запишіть 5 речень з поданої таблиці . Речення перекладіть і підкресліть інфінітив.

I He She We You They

am have are was is were

(very) happy a great desire glad sorry

to be sent to the conference. to spend next summer in Paris. to have been appointed to the post of manager. not to be informed about it. to be given this chance. to have achieved her aim.

2. Складіть 5 речень з поданої таблиці. Речення перекладіть і підкресліть прийменниковий інфінітивний комплекс.

   It

   is was will be

   important necessary high time better dangerous

   for

   me you him us them

   to study English. to participate in the conference. to buy this goods. to send an invitation. to go there by plane.

3. Складіть і запишіть 5 речень з поданої таблиці. Речення перекладіть і підкресліть об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс.

I He She We You They

saw caused want(s) expected know find(s)

the clerk him you them her the goods

to

enter the office. do the experiment again. become an economist. solve the problem. be a good specialist. be useful for consumer.