Abstracts of lectures Lecture 1.

Content and tasks of courses. History and main directions of development of the chemistry and physics of organic substances. The relationship of the course with other disciplines. Overview of hypotheses for the origin of oil. D.I Mendeleev hypothesis. Hypotheses of oil organic origin. The conversion of the parent substance of oil during oil formation. Polymers and their significance in nature and technology. The main types of natural and synthetic polymers. Features of the structure and properties of high-molecular compounds.

Plan of the lecture

1. Tasks of the course. The main types of organic substances

2. Analysis of the hypotheses for the origin of oil

3. Specificity of the structure and properties of polymers

1. Training of specialists in the field of refining and petrochemicals impossible without the knowledge and skills in physicochemical studies of organic substances: oil, gas, solid fuels, monomers, polymers, elastomers, fiber-forming polymers, surfactants. Chemistry and physics of organic matter as an independent branch of chemistry began to exist in the 30-ies of the XIX century. Oil and its natural outlet to the earth's surface asphalt and bitumen were known thousands of years ago. In nature, there is no second such substance, which would be as rich variety of hydrocarbons. Kazakhstan has its own raw material base for the development of many sectors of the petrochemical industry, including passing gases, gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons produced in petroleum refining. The basis for the study of this discipline is a complex scientific disciplines studied by students in previous courses in accordance with the curriculum. The course material "Chemistry and physics of organic substances" based on the study of the students of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry of cyclic compounds, organic chemistry of aliphatic series, Physical and Colloid Chemistry. The largest industries of organic substances are: oil refining, petrochemical, rubber, plastics, fibers, films, coatings and adhesives.

2. The question of the origin of oil is highly controversial for over two centuries. This question is answered by geologists and chemists such great scientists as M.V.Lomonosov, D.I.Mendeleev and A.Gumboldt. All existing hypotheses can be broadly summarized in two directions: mineral and organic origin of oil. In the arsenals of each of these two areas contain numerous hypotheses have quite as strong and weak points.

Despite the great amount of material on the geology of oil and natural gas, the question of the genesis of oil is still not resolved. The hypothesis put forward by the Education Lomonosov oil as a result of exposure to elevated temperature on biogenic organic matter of sedimentary rocks began to receive confirmation in the late XIX - early XX centuries during the experimental chemical and geological research. Hypotheses of organic origin of oil the most developed and reasoned, apparently, should be considered sapropel. It recognizes planktonic material reservoirs for the parent substance sapropel, ie complex mixture of substances deposited in waters under the withering away of planktonic organisms and form together with the mineral deposits of sapropel sediments.

By mineral hypotheses are also cosmic hypothesis V.D.Sokolov and igneous or volcanic hypothesis N.A.Kudryavtsev.

In 1876 Mendeleev proposed the so-called "carbide" hypothesis of the origin of oil. According to Mendeleev water penetration by tectonic fractures of the crust in its depth of field resulted in contact with this water can accumulate carbide masses. The reaction of iron carbide with water hydrocarbons formed high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Then on the same hydrocarbons faults are raised into the upper layers of the earth and form oilfields.

In 1892, Russian scientist V.D.Sokolov dwelling on facts finds bitumen in meteorites, as well as on the presence of hydrocarbons in the tails of comets some suggested "space" hypothesis of occurrence of oil. According to Sokolov, petroleum hydrocarbons are ready connections, scattered in space and consolidate with other substances in the formation of the planet Earth.

3. The basis of the progress of many branches of technology, providing the most important decision of state tasks is to obtain new materials. Among such materials are polymeric. The natural polymers include natural rubber, cellulose, proteinaceous substances. Organic natural polymers - Biopolymers - provide all the vital processes of animals and plants. Synthetic polymers are synthetic rubbers, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamides, phenol-formaldehyde resins, etc.

The specific properties of polymers are caused by features of their structure. In polymer solids are structural elements of the macromolecule. A polymer molecule consisting of repetitive units of compound and macromolecule called terminal groups.

The control questions

1. The value organic substances in energy technology

2. The hypotheses of organic origin of oil

3. Significance of polymers in the art and the nature

4. What are the main types of natural polymers?

5. What is a different synthetic polymer from natural?