Picture 1. The Digestive System.
Ex. 6. a) Look through text A and find the sentences with the Present Participle (P.I).
b) Analyze the functions of the Present Participle (P.I) and translate the sentences.
c) Read the text again and make the plan.
Text A. The digestive system.
The digestive system (the alimentary tract) consists of organs breaking down food into components that the body uses for energy and as building and repairing materials.
Food passes down the throat, down through a muscular tube called the esophagus, and into the stomach. The stomach walls which have muscles break up the food more and more.The partially digested food passes into a short tube called the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). The jejunum and ileum are also part of the small intestine. The liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas produce enzymes and substances that help with digestion in the small intestine.The last section of the digestive tract is the large intestine including the cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a branch of the large intestine; it has no known function. Indigestible remnants of food are expelled through the anus.
The digestive system is a group of organs that works breaking down the chemical components of food, through the use of digestive juices, into tiny nutrients which when absorbed, generate energy for the body. This system also builds and replaces cells and tissues, which are constantly dying. Digestion begins in the mouth with the teeth, which grind the food into small particles; the tongue detecting "good" and "bad" flavors in food, and saliva. It is a saliva that is a watery fluid beginning the process of digestion. The digestive system begins in the mouth, continues in the pharynx (throat) and esophagus and into the "gut" region: the stomach, small and large intestines, the rectum and the anus. Food is chewed, and mixed with saliva. It becomes a soft mass which will easily travel down the esophagus. The throat closes the top of the breathing pipe. If the food accidentally enters these pipes, it goes down the "wrong way" and must be coughed up. When passing through the body, food is mixed with chemicals breaking it down into small units that can be absorbed into the blood and lymph systems. Some is used for energy, some as building blocks for tissues and cells, and some is stored for future. The liver and the pancreas also secrete digestive juices that break down food as it passes through the digestive ducts. Not all that we eat can be digested and wastes are disposed in an efficient way.
Ex. 7. a) Read text B. b) Entitle it. c) Find the information which is not included in text A.
Text B.
Have you ever wondered what happens to all that food which we eat? Where does it all go? After all, we eat variety of food but all that comes out is stools that we pass each day in the morning in the toilet. How does that happen? Well, when we eat food, the first thing is that our teeth along with the saliva chew and chew on it to make it softer. This softened food is then swallowed and passes down the food pipe and enters into the stomach. In the stomach the food is further broken down by the various juices (especially hydrochloric acid) that are present in the stomach. The food then enters our intestines, a long tube, which may be narrow (small intestine) or broad (large intestine). There other juices are present that digest our food and all the energy from the food is absorbed into the blood as nutrients and supplied as energy for the body. The liver and the pancreas are two organs of the body that also help in the digestion of the food by secreting the various juices in the intestines. After all the energy is absorbed, the waste that remains is thrown out from the body in the form of stools.
Home work.
Ex. 8. State the functions of Participle 1. Translate the sentences.
In developing countries many people suffer from severe diseases.
409 patients attending the clinic for control of hypertension were divided into 3 groups.
Comparing the results, we found the advantages of the new method.
Having got the results of the treatment, the pharmacist was satisfied with them.
We can clearly observe that a favourable effect is being produced by the administration of antibiotics.
Any drug causing a strong reaction must be taken only if the doctor has administered it.
When prescribing the drug be sure that it has no contraindications for your patient.
The pharmacist was investigating the structure of the substance. All investigators came to the same conclusion having studied the results of the trial.
Investigating the patient’s case history, the physician drew the conclusion that the patient was sensitive to antibiotics.
There are much more patients waiting for a transplant than there are donors.
Ex. 9. Read, translate and memorize the word combinations:
The digestive system, the alimentary tract, the gut, a muscular tube called the esophagus, to break down food into components, to use for energy and for building and repairing cells and tissues, the partially digested food, to produce enzymes and substances, to have no known function, Indigestible remains of food, to be expelled through the anus, to break down the chemical components of food into tiny nutrients, to generate energy for the body, to build and replace constantly dying cells and tissues, to grind the food into small particles, to detect "good" and "bad" flavors in food, to be chewed and mixed with saliva, to become a soft mass, to travel down the esophagus easily, to be a mass of muscles and tissues, to transport food into the gut system for final processing and distribution, to closes the top of the breathing pipes, to enter breathing pipes accidentally, to go down the "wrong way", to be coughed up, to mixe with chemicals, to be absorbed into the blood and lymph systems, to store for future or emergency use, to pass each day in the morning in the toilet, to be thrown out from the body in the form of stools, to get rid of the solid waste.
Ex. 10. Read and translate texts A and B.
2.
Class work.
Ex. 11. Analyze the forms and functions of the Participles. Translate the sentences.
1. In developing countries AIDS incidence is higher than in developed ones.
2. The girl complaining of severe headache followed by nausea had no abdominal symptoms.
3. Both penicillin and streptomycin acting almost identically can be administered after the clinical diagnosis is made.
4. The symptoms reported were observed in the patients suffering from the adverse reactions.
5. Any medication taken in excess has serious side-effects resulting in health impairment.
6. When adding vitamin D to baby’s milk we must take into consideration that infants
become uneasy.
7. When added to food some vitamins work as placebo.
8. Examining the patient the doctor was inspecting the skin for the presence of rash.
9. When at the rest-home the patient felt better.
10. The treatment prescribed included drugs relieving heart pain.
Ex.12 a) Find the way to express the phrases italicizes in the text in one or two terms. b) Entitle text С.
Text C.
Food is digested as it passes along (1) the tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by teeth and made wet by (2) the juices in the mouth. After it is swallowed, it passes down (3) a tube having muscles and going to the stomach. The stomach walls which have muscles break up the food (4) still more. The (5) juices of the stomach, which are sent out from the (6) inner layer of the stomach wall, continue the process of digestion which was started in the mouth. The food then passes into (7) the thin curved tube. The (8) upper part of this tube gets juices sent by (9) the largest gland in the body and (10) the gland which lies under the stomach. The juices convert food still more, so that it can be (11) taken and used by the body. The food passes from the (12) middle part of the small bowel into the (13) lower part. The walls of the small bowel are covered with tiny things that look like hairs and called villi. Their function is (14) to take in the nourishment from the food. In the large (15) bowel no more food is digested. Most of the liquid is taken in from the material which has not been digested, and the remainder is thrown out of the body.
Ex. 13. Translate text D at sight.
Text D.
Food provides us with fuel to live, energy to work and play, and the raw materials to build new cells. All the different varieties of food which we eat are broken down by our digestive system and transported to every part of our body by our circulatory system. Our digestive system is a 9 meter long tube. The digestive process begins in the mouth, where the teeth and tongue break up the food after it has been softened with saliva. The food is then swallowed and travels down the esophagus to the stomach. While the food is in the stomach, it is mixed with an acid which breaks the food down into a paste.. The food then passes, into the small intestine, which is about 6 meters long. Here the food is broken down further and passes through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Food that cannot be digested passes into the large intestine, where the water and minerals are absorbed into the blood stream. The solid waste, the feces, is then expelled from the body through the rectum and anus.
Ex. 14. Read the passages and answer the question: What part of the alimentary tract is it?
1. Your digestive system started working even before you took the first bite of your cake. Even before you eat, when you smell a tasty food, see it, or think about it, digestion begins. Saliva or spit, begins to form here. When you eat, the saliva breaks down the chemicals in the food a bit, which helps make the food mushy and easy to swallow. Your tongue helps out, pushing the food around while you chew with your teeth. When you're ready to swallow, the tongue pushes a tiny bit of mushed-up food called a bolus toward the back of your throat and into the opening of your esophagus, the second part of the digestive tract.
2. It is like a stretchy pipe that's about 10 inches (25 centimeters) long. It moves food from the back of your throat to your stomach. Once food has entered in this part of the alimentary tract, it doesn't just drop right into your stomach. Instead, muscles in the walls of this part of the alimentary tract move in a wavy way to slowly squeeze the food through the esophagus. This takes about 2 or 3 seconds.
3. This part of the alimentary tract, which is attached to the end of the esophagus, is a stretchy sack shaped like the letter. It has three important jobs:
to store the food you've eaten
to break down the food into a liquidy mixture
to slowly empty that liquidy mixture into the small intestine
It is like a mixer, churning and mashing together all the small balls of food that came down the esophagus into smaller and smaller pieces. It does this with help from the strong muscles in the walls of the juices that also come from the walls. In addition to breaking down food, the juices also help kill bacteria that might be in the eaten food.
3. It is a long tube that's about 1½ inches to 2 inches (about 3.5 to 5 centimeters) around, and it's packed inside you beneath your stomach. If you stretched out an adult's small intestine, it would be about 22 feet long (6.7 meters) — that's like 22 notebooks lined up end to end, all in a row. It breaks down the food mixture even more so your body can absorb all the vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Your food may spend as long as 4 hours in it and will become a very thin, watery mixture. It's time well spent because, at the end of the journey, the nutrients from the food can pass from it into the blood. And the leftover waste — parts of the food that your body can't use — goes on to the large intestine.
4. The nutrient-rich blood comes directly to this organ for processing. It filters out harmful substances or wastes, turning some of the waste into more bile. It even helps figure out how many nutrients will go to the rest of the body, and how many will stay behind in storage. For example, it stores certain vitamins and a type of sugar your body uses for energy.
5. At 3 or 4 inches around (about 7 to 10 centimeters), it is fatter than the small intestine and it's almost the last stop on the digestive tract. Like the small intestine, it is packed into the body, and would measure 5 feet (about 1.5 meters) long if you spread it out. It pushes the poop into the rectum, the very last stop on the digestive tract. The solid waste stays here until you are ready to go to the bathroom. When you go to the bathroom, you are getting rid of this solid waste by pushing it through the anus.
6. It has a tiny tube with a closed end. It's part of the digestive tract, but it doesn't do anything, though it can cause big problems because it sometimes gets infected and needs to be removed.
Ex.15. Match the labels on the picture 2 with the terms below:
The ascending column, the stomach, the left kidney, the appendix, the small intestine, the rectum, the cecum, the right kidney, the spleen, the large intestine, the liver, the gallbladder, the duodenum, the descending column.
Picture 2.
Home work.
Ex. 16. Analyze the forms and the functions of the Participles. Translate the sentences.
OTC analgesics are safe and effective for short term relief of headache when used according to the instruction on the labels.
Acetaminophen is well tolerated but can cause serious damage to the liver in high dose or if used for a long term.
Patients with advanced liver diseases should not take aspirin because it may impair kidney function.
Colds are caused by viruses not bacteria. Over 200 different viruses are reported.
When reading a medicine sheet you must pay special attention to the side – effects of the drug.
When reading the case – history the doctor should pay special attention to the patient’s complaints.
When taking these 2 medicines together you increase your chance of serious liver problems.
Sedatives may be needed for restlessness.
Medication taken in excess can have serious side – effects resulting.
Ex. 17. Look at picture 3 and complete the sentences.
Picture3.
The stomach lies between the liver and …… .
……. is situated above the descending colon.
The small intestine is located between …… and …… .
…….is to the right of the spleen.
The transverse colon lies …… the stomach.
The stomach is ……the liver.
The pancreas is located to the left of …… .
…… is situated below the small intestine.
The gallbladder lies below …… and …..
Ex. 18. a) Read text C again using the medical terms instead of the phrases italicizes. b) Describe the way of food from the esophagus to rectum. Picture 3 will help you in your work.
3.
Class work.
Ex. 19. Memorize the meaning of FOLLOW. Read and translate the sentences.
A. To follow – следовать за
High temperature followed a bad cough and running nose.
Drug overdose was followed by vomiting.
The injection was followed by blood pressure increase.
Medication followed by allergic reaction was discontinued immediately.
The recommended dose is an infusion of 5 mg/kg followed by additional dose in 2 weeks.
When followed by some side-effects, the medicine should be discontinued.
B. Following – в след за, следующий за
Allergy following antibiotic treatment was very severe.
Tetanus usually occurs following a wound received outdoor.
C. To follow (the diet, bed regimen, doctor’s prescription) – соблюдать
Patients with stomach ulcer had to follow the diet.
The better he follows the doctor’s prescription the better he feels and looks.
D.To follow up – наблюдать за по поводу отдалённых результатов
All patients in the placebo group were followed up.
TB patients must be followed up.
E. Follow up patients – пациенты, требующие длительного наблюдения
Follow up patients were divided into 2 groups according to their emotional state and well being.
F.Follow ups – отдалённые результаты
Follow up rate was 95%.
G. As follows – следующим образом
The abbreviation FDA is read and translated as follows Food and Drug Administration – Комиссия по продуктам питания и лекарствам.
H. The following – следующие
The following symptoms are sings of cold: cough and running nose.
Ex. 20. Look at pictures 5 and using your knowledge of anatomy try to translate the anatomical terms:
1. Body of stomach 2. Fundus 3. Anterior wall 4. Greater curvature 5. Lesser curvature 6. Cardia 9. Pyloric sphincter 10. Pyloric antrum 11. Pyloric canal 12. Angular notch 13. Gastric canal14. Rugal folds.
Picture 5.
Ex. 21. Read text E and make the plan of the text.
Text E. The stomach.
The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus which is derived from the Greek word stomachos, from stoma , "mouth". The words gastro- and gastric (meaning related to the stomach) are both derived from the Greek word gaster .
The stomach is located at the bottom of the chest; just below the oesophagus.It is on the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. The organ behind the stomach is the pancreas.
Two sphincters, keep the contents of the stomach contained. They are the esophageal sphincter dividing the tract above, and the pyloric sphincter dividing the stomach from the small intestine.
The stomach is surrounded by the networks of blood vessels and nerves which regulate both the secretions activity and the motor activity of its muscles.
In humans, the stomach has a relaxed, empty volume of about 45 ml. It normally expands and holds about 1 liter of food, but will hold as much as 2-3 liters (whereas a newborn baby will only be able to retain 30ml).
The stomach's first job is to accept and store the food that enters it. In response to the arrival of food, glands present in the lining of the stomach produce stomach acid (or gastric acid) - another digestive juice. Muscles in the wall of the stomach help to move the food and acid around and mix thoroughly. Stomach acid helps to break down the food further into smaller, easier to digest fragments. The acid also kills bacteria contained in the swallowed food or saliva.By the time food is ready to leave the stomach, it has been processed into a thick liquid. Finally, muscular movements in the lower part of the stomach push this partly-digested food down towards the small intestine.
Some medical problems of the stomach include:
Peptic ulcers
Gastric cancer
Ex. 22. a) Read text F and find the information which is not included in text F. b) Answer the question in the title of text F.
Text G. What is the stomach?
The stomach is an organ of digestion. It has a saclike shape and is located between the esophagus and the intestines. Almost every animal has a stomach.
The human stomach is a muscular, elastic, pear-shaped bag, lying in the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm. It changes size and shape according to is position of the body and the amount of food inside. The stomach is about 12 inches (30.5 cm) long and is 6 inches. (15.2 cm) wide at its widest point. The stomach's capacity is about 1 qt (0.94 liters) in an adult.
Food enters the stomach from the esophagus. The connection between the stomach and the esophagus is called the cardiac sphincter. The cardiac sphincter prevents food from passing back to the esophagus. Heart burn is the sensation when stomach juices (gastric juice) is allowed to seep through the sphincter into the esophagus. Once the food enters the stomach, gastric juices break down the food. The other end of the stomach empties into the duodenum. The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach from the duodenum.
The stomach is composed of five layers. Starting from the inside and working our way out, the innermost layer is called the mucosa. Stomach acid and digestive juices are made in the mucosa layer. The next layer is called the submucosa. The submucosa is surrounded by the muscularis, a layer of muscle that moves and mixes the stomach contents. The next two layers, the subserosa and the serosa are the wrapping for the stomach. The serosa is the outermost layer of the stomach.
Ex. 23. Translate text G at sight.
Text G. All About the Abdomen.
When you get a pain in your stomach, it might be an actual problem right in your stomach, but not necessarily. Your abdomen is more than your stomach. It's more than your intestines. It's the whole area between your chest and your pelvic (hip) bones.
There are the stomach and intestines inside the abdomen and many other organs: bladder, kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix, and adrenal glands. If you're a girl, the abdomen also includes the uterus and ovaries.
All of these organs are held together inside you by a bag-like membrane called the peritoneum. This two-layered membrane also separates these organs from the outer abdominal muscles. Three layers of muscles — front, back, and side — support this "case" of organs and protect them.
Home work.
Ex. 24. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
Аббревиатура ОРЗ читается и переводится следующим образом: острое респираторное заболевание.
Следующие симптомы являются признаками бронхита : кашель, насморк, высокая температура.
Соблюдайте диету, и боль в желудке пройдёт
За больными с сердечными заболеваниями наблюдают в больнице в течение длительного времени.
За простудой иногда следует пневмония.
Головная боль, за которой последовала рвота, была следствием высокого кровяного давления.
Ex. 25. Read text E, F, G again and be ready to answer the questions without looking in the texts:
What is the word stomach derived from?
What does the word stomach mean?
What form does the stomach have?
Where is the stomach located?
What keeps the contents of the stomach?
What regulates both the secretions activity and the motor activity of its muscles?
What is the stomach volume?
What is stomach's capacity in an adult?
When does the stomach change size and shape?
What is the stomach's first job?
How many layers is the stomach composed of?
What are the stomach problems?
What and where is heart burn?
What is the stomach?
What is the peritoneum?
4.
Class work.
Ex. 26. Memorize the prefixes, translate the words.
Prefixes: ab-; abnormal, a-; asymptomatic
Prefix: dis-; disorders, discount, to disagree
Prefixes: mis-; misadvise, mistake, miscount, misdirection, misinformation
Prefixes: de-; to decode, to decompress, to decontrol, degeneration, defective, deformation, degradation, demobilization
Ex. 27. Translate and memorize the words with the prefix dis- under the letter B.
A. To cover - покрывать, to connect – соединять, to continue - продолжать, to close - замыкать, to appear - появляться, to agree - соглашаться, comfort - комфорт, ability - способность, advantage – преимущество,