Поисково-просмотровое чтение
Текст 4.3 «Supply, Demand, Price, and Market Equilibrium»
(1) In economics, the price at which the quantity demanded exactly equals the quantity supplied is called the equilibrium market price – a price just high enough and just low enough so that the buyers want to buy just exactly as much as the sellers want to sell. At this price the buyers can buy all that they want, so there is no shortage, and the sellers can sell all that they want, so there is no surplus. Thus, the equilibrium market price is the only price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied (Qs=Qd).
(2) When the price is just right, so that there is neither excess demand nor excess supply, the market is said to be in economic equilibrium. Under the conditions of market equilibrium every consumer who wishes to purchase the product at the market price is able to do so while the supplier is not left with any unwanted inventory. The result: the market just clears away, and everyone is happy.
(3) However, real life, as always, is different from simple theory, and perfect market equilibrium is never reached because in reality demand and supply are almost constantly changing, making thus the market adjustment an ever going process. The state of the market that exists when the opposing market forces of demand and supply are not in balance/are out of balance is commonly referred to as market disequilibrium. More specifically, market disequilibrium results if the demand price is not equal to the supply price and the quantity demanded is not equal to the quantity supplied.
(4) The result of the imbalance between the opposing market forces of demand and supply is the existence of either a shortage or a surplus, which induces/results in a change in the price. A shortage exists if the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at the current market price. With a market shortage, prices tend to rise.
(5) A surplus exists if the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at the current market price. This condition emerges if the market price is above the equilibrium price. With a market surplus, prices tend to fall. Sellers are unable to sell as much of the good as they would like at the current price. As such, they have to drop the price until people do want to buy all their extra stuff.
Задания к тексту 4.3:
Прочтите текст 4.3 и укажите, на какие из следующих вопросов можно найти ответ в данном тексте:
Что такое равновесная рыночная цена?
Что такое рынок?
При какой цене покупатели покупают, а продавцы продают товары?
Что такое нарушение рыночного равновесия?
Существует ли на самом деле рыночное равновесие?
В каком случае возникает дефицит / излишек товара?
Как государство регулирует рыночное равновесие?
Форма итогового контроля степени сформированности навыков поисково-просмотрового чтения – компьютерный тест.
Образцы тестовых заданий к текстам для поисково-просмотрового чтения:
(1) Укажите, на какие из приведенных ниже вопросов можно найти ответ в следующем тексте: If the government sets a minimum price for a market, then that legal minimum price that can be charged for a good is called the price floor (Qd < Qs). For a price floor to be effective, it must be set above the market equilibrium price. The minimum wage is also a price floor because it sets a minimum level that employers can pay employees. 1. Что такое минимальный уровень цен? 2. Чему равен минимальный уровень цен? а) на оба вопроса b) только на первый вопрос с) только на второй вопрос d) ни на один из вопросов (2) Укажите в каком из предложений (абзацев) следующего текста говорится о том, к чему ведут ценовые ограничения: (1) If the government sets introduces a minimum price for a market, then that legal minimum price that can be charged for a good is called the price floor (Qd < Qs). (2) If the government imposes a maximum price for a market, then that legal maximum price that can be charged for a good is called the price ceiling (Qd > Qs). (3) The price ceilings cause persistent shortages, while the price floors cause persistent surpluses. This is the cost of imposing these restrictions. (4) Is price-fixing a “good” or a “bad” thing? It depends. Some groups will benefit while others will suffer. а) в первом и четвертом b) во втором d) в третьем e) ни в одном |