- •The essence of foreign trade and its role in the world economic system
- •Structure of international economy
- •National accounts systems
- •Income approach
- •4.Groups of the countries in the international economy:
- •Globalization and internationalization
- •Theme of the lecture №2. Theories of foreign trade and it’s development in the modern era
- •Theory of mercantilism
- •2. The theory of absolute advantage
- •3. The theory of comparative advantage.
- •4. The theory of comparative factor endowments and Leontief paradox.
- •5. Alternative theories of international trade
- •Theme of the lecture № 3. Trade policy: essence and main instruments
- •The essence and concept of trade policy
- •2. Economics of free trade and free trade zone
- •Advantages of tariffs
- •Disadvantages of tariffs
- •3. Trade policy in the international business
- •Theme of the lecture № 4. Tariff methods of regulation of foreign trade
- •1. Freedom of trade and protectionism
- •2. Customs tariffs and duties
- •3. Economic role of rates
- •Theme of the lecture № 5.
- •1. The essence of Non-Tariff Barriers
- •2. Types of Non-Tariff Barriers
- •Agreement on a "voluntary" export restraint
- •Embargo
- •Standards
- •Administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance
- •Import deposits
- •Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign exchange controls
- •3. Licenses and Quotas
- •Theme of the lecture № 6. The foreign trade and economic policy of developed countries
- •Trade Policy of United States of America
- •Trade Policy of European Union
- •1945–1990: The Cold War era
- •Rise of the European Union
- •2004–2007: Eu expansion
- •Trade policy of Japan Exports
- •Imports
- •Balance of merchandise trade
- •Import policies Postwar era
- •Tpp Questions
- •Theme of the lecture № 7. The foreign trade and economic policy of developing countries
- •Trade Policy of Latin American countries
- •Trade Policy of brics countries
- •Trade Policy of Turkey
- •Theme of the lecture № 8. The foreign trade and economic policy of countries with a transitional economy
- •Trade Policy of Union of Independent Countries
- •Trade Policy of Eastern European countries
- •Imports in 2009
- •Trade Policy of Asian countries
- •Trade (2010)
- •Theme of the lecture № 9. The foreign trade and geoeconomic policy of Republic of Kazakhstan
- •1. Foreign trade development of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •2. Modern structure of an external economic situation and trading balance of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •3. Analysis and forecast of foreign trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- •Theme of the lecture № 10. Paying balance and currency rate
- •Theory of the paying balance
- •Accounts of current transactions, capital transactions and financial transactions
- •Currency exchange rate and its versions
- •Theme of the lecture № 11. Trading balance and its regulation
- •1. Concept and structure of trading balance
- •2. Theories of trading balance
- •Keynesian theory
- •Monetarist theory
- •3. Regulation of trading balance
- •Theme of the lecture № 12. Policy of investment attraction in developed and developing countries
- •1. Essence, purposes and tasks of investments
- •2. International and foreign investments
- •Platform fdi
- •Foreign direct investment in the United States
- •Foreign direct investment in China
- •Foreign direct investment in India
- •3. International corporations
- •4. International borrowing and crediting
- •Theme of the lecture № 13. Foreign trade services and its regulation
- •1. The international transactions in service trade
- •1. Intangibility
- •2. Perishability
- •3. Inseparability
- •4. Simultaneity
- •5. Variability
- •2. Services of the international transport
- •3. International trips
- •4. State regulation of international trade by services
- •Theme of the lecture № 14.
- •International economic integration
- •1. Formation of integration processes
- •2. Types of integration associations
- •3. Regional integration (geoeconomics)
- •Theme of the lecture № 15. Republic of Kazakhstan and World Trade Organization
- •1. History, purposes and principles of the wto
- •2. Procedures of the introduction and wto membership
- •Members and observers
- •3. Prospects of the entry of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the wto
3. Regulation of trading balance
Article XVII of the GATT 1994 is the principal Article dealing with state trading enterprises (referred to as "STEs") and their operations. It sets out that such enterprises – in their purchases or sales involving either imports or exports – are to act in accordance with the general principles of non-discrimination, and that commercial considerations only are to guide their decisions on imports and exports. It also instructs that Members are to notify their state trading enterprises to the WTO annually. Clarification of what is considered to be a state trading enterprise, and thus notifiable, is provided in the WTO Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII. Paragraph 1 of this text states that Members shall notify state trading enterprises in accordance with the following working definition:
"Governmental and non-governmental enterprises, including marketing boards, which have been granted exclusive or special rights or privileges, including statutory or constitutional powers, in the exercise of which they influence through their purchases or sales the level or direction of imports or exports."
Particularly important in this definition is the phrase "in the exercise of which they influence … the level or direction of imports or exports", as this goes to the heart of what the regulation of state trading in the WTO is aimed at – that is, the potentially distorting effects on trade of the operations of state trading enterprises. Conversely, the WTO does not seek to prohibit or even discourage the establishment or maintenance of state trading enterprises, but merely to ensure that they are not operated in a manner inconsistent with WTO principles and rules.
It should be noted that the notification requirement does not apply to what is termed "government procurement", i.e. imports of products for immediate or ultimate consumption in governmental use, and this is specified in both of the above legal texts. (Government procurement is regulated by the Agreement on Government Procurement for those Members which are parties to it.)
In addition to the core provisions in Article XVII and the Understanding, a number of other GATT Articles deal with state trading in one way or another. The Interpretative Note to Articles XI (General Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions), XII (Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments), XIII (Non-discriminatory Administration of Quantitative Restrictions), XIV (Exceptions to the Rule of Non-discrimination) and XVIII (Governmental Assistance to Economic Development) states that throughout these Articles, the terms "import restrictions" or "export restrictions" include restrictions made effective through state trading operations. Added to the Article XVII requirement to notify, it can be seen that the thrust of the rules on state trading are two-fold: to increase the transparency of the use of state trading to implement various trade-related policies, and to ensure that the state trading enterprise is not used to implement WTO-inconsistent measures.
The substantive obligations of Members under the rules governing state trading can be summarized in the following four points:
(1) non-discrimination, commonly referred to as "most favoured nation" or "MFN" treatment;
(2) no quantitative restrictions;
(3) preservation of the value of tariff concessions; and
(4) transparency.