98

Content

ABBREVIATIONS 3

INTRODUCTION 5

1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHODS 6

1.1. Planning an experiment in research 6

1.2. Measurement error 10

1.3 Processing and analysis of experimental data 16

1.4 Errors of indirect measurements 17

1.5 Methods of the theory of correlation 19

1.6 Dimensionless criteria of the atomization process 21

2. EXPERIMENTAL INSTRUMENTATION 22

2.1 The common-rail fuel injection equipment 22

2.2 Review of drop sizing techniques and spray characteristics 25

2.3 Direct imaging method 26

2.4 Formation of liquid spray 26

2.5 Conclusion 27

3. ANALYSIS OF MIXTURE FORMATION AND FLAME DEVELOPMENT OF DIESEL COMBUSTION 29

3.1 Experiment set up 31

3.2 Summary 39

4. ANALISIS OF SPRAY DEVELOPMENT AND AUTOIGNITION PROCESS 40

4.1 Introduction 40

4.2 Theoretical Analyses 43

4.3 Experimental set-up 45

4.4 Experimentl technique 52

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 56

5.4 Conclusion 71

6. БЕЗПЕКА I ОХОРОНА В МОРI 73

6.1 Підготовка членів екіпажу з охорони судна: планування, організація занять і навчань 73

6.2 Застосування плану охорони судна 76

6.3 Основи захисту моряків в умовах хімічного забруднення судна 77

8. ОХОРОНА ПРАЦI 81

8.1 Стомлення і перевтома 81

8.2 Професійний стрес 83

8.3 Теорія горіння, пожежний трикутник 85

8.4 Знезараження та очищення стічних вод 88

9. Техніко-економічне обгрунтування введення досконаліших систем контролю робочих процесів суднових дизелів 93

Abbreviations

BDC: Bottom-Dead Centre

CBM: Condition Based Maintenance

CM: Condition Monitoring

DAQ: Data Acquisition

DI: Direct Injection

ECM: Engine Condition Monitoring

HSDI: High Speed Direct Injection

IJE: Fuel Injection End

IJS: Fuel Injection Start

IVC: Inlet Valve Closing

IVO: Inlet Valve Opening

OHV: Overhead Valve

PCI: Piston-Cylinder Interface

PR: Pushrod

TDC: Top-Dead Centre

XVO: Exhaust Valve Opening

XVC: Exhaust Valve Closing

C_d: Discharge coefficient

m_f : Actual fuel flow

m_th: Theoretical fuel flow

A₀: Area of nozzle outlet

ρ_f: Fuel density

P_inj: Injection pressure

P_back: Pressure of the injection environment

u_eff: Effective spray velocity

A_eff: Effective area of nozzle outlet

u_mean: Mean spray velocity

ρ_a: Density of the injection environment

S: Spray tip penetration

P: Differential pressure of inlet and exit of nozzle

d₀: Nozzle outlet diameter

l: Nozzle hole length

d_sack: Sack chamber diameter of nozzle hole

τ: Ignition delay time.

Introduction

Mixture formation plays as a key element on burning process that strongly affects the exhaust emissions such as nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and Particulate Matter (PM). The reductions of emissions can be achieved with improvement throughout the mixing of fuel and air behavior.

In diesel engines, combustion progresses by nature heterogeneous. Diesel spray spontaneous ignites within short period after fuel injection. The diesel engine has undergone continues improvements through the development of engines technologies especially in controlling the combustion process in order to reduce the NO_x and PM levels and also to tackle the fuel economy vehicle. The most important issue in diesel combustion is achieving sufficient rapid mixing between the injected fuel and the air in cylinder prior to ignition. In this research, the new combustion concept based on the characteristics of diesel ignition and combustion is investigated focusing on fuel-air mixing with changing ambient condition.

The oxidation reactions at the end of endothermic period depend on the physical process such as air entrainment, the breakup of the jet spray, and droplets evaporation. Along with these parameters, a better comprehension of combustible mixtured, auto-ignition and combustion process is also needed for the optimization of diesel engines.