Lexicology as a science.

It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of the language. Vocabulary is the system formed by the sum total of all the words that the language possesses. Linguistic relationships between words can be classified into syntagmatic and paradigmatic. Syntagma - is the succession of two or more language units connected by a certain type of boundaries. Paradigm - is the system of changing word-forms. It can also be viewed as a class of language unites having a certain common feature but opposed to one another.

The word.

Word – is considered a central unit of linguistic and speech because it possesses aphonetic shape and grammatical structure (morphological) and its meaning (semantic shape). The term word denotes the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. We can single out some criteria of a word bearing in mind that not any of them has a universal character.-graphical representation;- sound representation. From the morphological point of view a word is characterized by the so called criterion of integral structure (цельнооформленности), i.e., grammar markers shape the whole word but not its parts, e.g., greenhouse – greenhouses. So in defining a word the syntactical criterion of minimal free forms may be accepted only as an additional one. The semantic approach-speech, if analysed from the semantic point of view will form a number of meaningful units called words.

The efforts of many scholars such as V.V. Vinogradov, A.I. Smirnitskey, O.S. Ahmanova, A.A.Ufimtseva resulted in the clear presentation of a word as a basic unit of the language which is the form of the existence of a notion and which is used with the purpose of communication.

Motivation - is an image or an idea taken as the basis for the process of nomination and determining a certain pattern of the word concept formation.

There are three types of motivation: -phonological motivation: The first presupposes a certain similarity between the sounds which make up a word and those referred to by the sense. ( hiss, bang, giggle, splash, roar, snore we see the direct connection between the sound form and the meaning of the word )

-Many words are motivated by their morphological structure (morphological motivation) ( E.g., the derived word rethink motivated for its morphological structure suggests the idea of thinking again. )

-Semantic motivation is based on the criterion of direct and figurative meanings. ( e.g., mouth denotes a part of a human face and at the same time it means any opening or outlet: the mouth of a river or a cave. In its direct meaning the word mouth is not motivated, in its figurative meaning it is a metaphor. )

Word-meaning.

The branch of Lexicology that is devoted to the study of word-meaning is known as Semasiology or Semantics. There are two main approaches to the word-meaning.: -Referential:consider meaning to be the relation among the elements of the triangle: the symbol, the referent, the thought of reference. The relationship between language and reality is treated differently in different linguistic schools. Structural linguistics:focuses on the structural intalinguistic data thus postulating the separateness and autonomy of the language and reality. Cognitive linguistics maintains the idea that a word is not semantically independent but it acquires its meaning in combination with other words that can be understood only against its contextual background. meaning is a certain reflection in our mind of an object in extra-linguistic reality which is the fact of a language because of its constant association with the definite linguistic expression. Lexical meaning is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions. Denotational meaning is the part of lexical meaning that makes communication possible. Connotational meaning is supplementary emotive, evaluative, expressive and stylistic shade which is added to the word’s denotational meaning and which serves to express the emotional content of the word