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Index

Aarhus Convention 551 Boundary Committees 255

‘Anxious scrutiny’ 383, 384 Breach of confidence 506 et seq., 558–561

‘Devolution issues’ 153 Breach of the peace 478–480

‘Fair balance’ 434, 446–447, 493 and Broadcasting Parliament and 225

see margin of appreciation, Budget Resolution 276

proportionality Bugging 570

‘Quangos 338 By-elections 247

‘Reasonably incidental’ doctrine 370

‘Serious arrestable offence’, meaning of Cabinet 313–315, 320

525 Cabinet Office (secretariat) 315, 547

‘Special Parliamentary Procedure Catholics 292

271–272 Censorship

‘Special procedure material’ 538–541 Censure Motions 280

‘Stop and search’ 520, 522–523 Channel Islands and Judicial Review 162,

‘Usual Channels’ 266 403

Abuse of discretion 374 et seq. Channel Islands and Parliament 162–163

Abuse of public office 407 Checks and balances 9, 108–109, 112,

Access to governmental Information 114–117

325–326, 334 Chief constable 346–347

Accountability and responsibility Church 237

323–326, 336–337 Citizen’s Charter 335

Adjournment debates 280 Civil disobedience 104–105

Administrative Court 407–408 Civil servants delegation to 332–333

Administrative tribunals 69–70 Civil servants functions of 77, 331–333

Affray 481 Civil servants legal status 329–330

Aggravated trespass 483–484 Civil servants ministers and 76–77,

Allegiance 87, 299 333–334

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders 485 Civil servants Parliament and 330,

Appropriation acts 276–277 333–334, 335–336

Armed forces and courts 355–356, see also Civil servants political independence

courts martial, crown immunity, 76–77, 330–331

prerogative Civil Service Code

Armstrong memorandum 319 Civil Service Commission 82, 334

Arrest by citizen 528 Closure 272

Arrest ECHR and 527–528 Code of Conduct MPs 229

Arrest immunity from 220 Code of Practice open government

Arrest information required 530–531 549–550

Arrest meaning of 526 Collateral Challenge 367

Arrest warrant 526 Collateral question see jurisdictional error

Arrestable offence meaning of 524–525 Collective ministerial responsibility 56, 78,

Artistic expression 463, 468 319–321

Assembly Secretary 161 Commercial confidentiality 548

Attorney General 113, 316–317 Commercial expression

Commission for Public Appointments 338

Bias ‘real danger’ test 395 Committee of Standards and Privileges

Bias financial 393–394 222

Bias human rights and 396 Committee on Standards 18, 82–83, 222,

Binding over 484–485 230–231

Bishops 327 Common law and overseas territories 163

593

594 Index

Common law and Parliament 45–47, Derogation European Convention on

100–101, 136–140 Human Rights from 431–432, 444,

Communications data 569 452

Comptroller and Auditor General 278 Detained persons treatment of 531–532,

Concordats 149 543–544

Confessions 517–518 Detention without trial 444, 452

Consolidated Fund 275, 277 Devolution asymmetric nature 149

Constable powers and status of 344 Direct effect doctrine 200–201

Constituencies 255–257 Directives EC 197–198

Constitution meaning of 3–4 Disclosure of information by ministers

Constitution types of 4–6 324–326

Constitutionalism 92–93 Discretion duty and 381–382

Contempt of Court 466–467 Discrimination 431, 473–474

Contempt of Parliament 221–222 Dissolution of Parliament 77–78, 214–215,

Conventions and courts 55–57 295

Conventions binding force of 48, 49–50, District Councils 167

54 Dominant purpose 374

Conventions change in 51–52 Donations political 259–261

Conventions courts and 55–57 Donoughmore Committee 70

Conventions enforcement of 52–54,

Conventions practices and 41–42, 47–50 Election Court 262

Conventions validity of 49–50, 52 Election expenses 258–261

Coronation 292 Elections broadcasting 261–262

Council of Ministers accountability Elections Scotland and Wales 253

185–186 Electoral Commission 246–247, 255

Council of Ministers voting in 185 Electoral reform 88, 212 et seq. 254–255

County Councils 167 Emanation of the state 200–20

Courts and Parliament 222–223, 231–232 Emergency Debates 280

Courts and politics 13–14 Encryptified data 569

Courts Martial 356 English regions 150

Covert human surveillance 570 Enrolled bill rule 128

Crown commonwealth in 290 Entrenchment 131–136

Crown immunity 296–299, 357 Entry and search powers of 532 et seq.

Crown liability 297–299, 357 Error on the record 371

Crown meanings of 290–292 Estoppel 378

Crown ministers and 76–77 European Commission accountability

Crown part of 338–339 188–189, 193–194

Crown Prosecution Service 352 European Commission membership 186–7

Crown Servants nature of 76–77, European Court of Human Rights 427

Crown succession to 292 European Court of Justice powers of

Custom 42 190–192

European Parliament 187–189

‘D’ Notice 549 European parliamentary elections 253

Damages 405–407, 440, European Union ‘pillars’ 183

Damages and freedom of expression European Union objects 183–184

497–499 Evidence admissibility of 516–517

Data interception of 568–571 Excepted Matters (N.I.) 158

Declaration 404 Excluded material 538–541

Declaration of incompatibility 438 ‘Exclusive cognisance’ 222–223

Declaration of Rights of Man 105 Exclusivity principle 413–414

Defamation 490 et seq. Executive Agencies 79, 334 et seq.

Delegated Legislation control over Executive Committee (Wales) 161

140–141, 281–282 Executive growth of 70–71

Delegation of powers 387–388

Demonstrations see highway, meetings, Fair hearing exclusion of 389–391

processions Fair hearing human rights and 392–393

595

Index

Fair Trial right to 367–368, 373, 392, 396, House of Lords Appointments

397, 428–430, 514 Commission 239

Federalism and EU 194–196 House of Lords attendance in 240

Federalism arguments against 148 House of Lords committees 284

Federalism meaning 147–148 House of Lords composition of 218,

Fettering discretion 377–387 236–239, 242–243

Fingerprinting 529–530 House of Lords functions of 218–219

First Minister (N.I.) 158 House of Lords history of 74, 209–214

First Secretary for Wales 161 House of Lords powers of 74, 214, 267,

Franchise history of 67, 68, 213 273–274

Franchise qualifications for 28–250 House of Lords procedure in 267, 273

Franks Committee on Tribunals and House of Lords reform of 238, 241–243

Inquiries 70 House of Lords size of 236

Freedom of assembly 431 House of Lords standards in 230–231

Freedom of expression 431, 443, 458 et seq., Human rights common law and 423–427

see also press, open government Human rights democracy and 419,

Freedom of expression arguments for 420–423

459–462 Human rights inconsistent legislation

Freedom of expression overrides 462–464 434–438

Freedom of expression official secrets and Human rights nature of 419–420,

464 433–434, 445

Freedom of expression Parliament and

224–227 Immunities public officials and 102,

Freedom of Information exemptions from 405–406

duty to disclose 553–555 Implied repeal 127,

Freedom of information ministerial veto Improper purposes 374–377

553 Independence Acts 129–130

Indirect effect doctrine 201–202

General arrest conditions 529 Individual ministerial responsibility

General election 215 77–79, 108–109, 321–329, 333–334,

General will 30–31, 227 336–337, 364

Good Friday Agreement 156 Information Commissioner 552

Government removal of 77–78, 281 Informal networks 9, 62–64, 81

Government spending control over Injunction 404, 467, 492–493, 505–506

276–279 Insulting behaviour 482–483

Greater London Assembly 168 Intelligence service 567, 571

Guillotine 272 Interception of communications 567 et seq.

Internal and External limits on Parliament

Habeas Corpus 408 122–123

Haldane Committee 318, 340 Internal Proceedings in Parliament 129,

Harassment 482, 484 223

Highway use of 475–477 International human rights 101–102

Home Office 317 Internet service providers 568, 569

Home Secretary police and 348–349 Interpretation of Human Rights Act

Horizontal effect EC and 200, 202, 203 437–438, 453–454

Horizontal effect Human Rights Act and Intimate searches 523

442–443, 489 Intrusive surveillance 570

House of Commons disqualifications Irrelevant considerations 374–377

243–245 Isle of Man 162–163, 403

House of Commons functions of

216–217 Jenkins Commission 254

House of Commons history of 68–69, 74, Judges security of tenure 84

209–214 Judicial Appointments 83–84

House of Commons ministers in 244–245 Judicial bodies see separation of powers

House of Lords Appointments Judicial functions natural justice and 388,

Commission 239 390, 391, 394, 397

596 Index

Judicial Immunity 406 Members of Parliament freedom of speech

Judicial review and civil proceedings and 223–227

414 Minister resignation of 326–329

Judicial review discretionary nature of Ministerial Code 49, 324–325

410–444 Ministerial Code of Conduct (N.I.) 159,

Judicial Review legal basis of 365–366 324

Judicial review permission to apply for Ministerial responsibility, see collective,

409–410 individual, executive agencies, Non-

Judicial review public law and see departmental public bodies,

exclusivity, public functions operational functions, select

Judicial review time limits 410 committees.

Junior ministers and collective Ministers ranks of 316

responsibility 321 Mistake of fact 372

Jurisdictional error 371 see also mistake Mistake of Law 370–372

Jury 117, 492 Mixed constitution 6–7,67, 106–107

Just satisfaction 407 Monarchy functions of 27, 47, 66–9

Justiciability 305–306, 363–365 293–294

Monarchy personal powers 294–296

Kangaroo 272

Kilbrandon Report 148–150 National Audit Office 78, 217, 278–279

National security 364, 390, 451, 564–566

Law Lords 112–113, 240 Natural Justice 388–398

Law Officers 113–114, 316–317 Nichols Committee 222, 224, 232

Legal Privilege 538 Non-departmental public bodies and

Legal representation 392 ministers 339–340

Legitimate expectation 378–380, 392, 398 Northern Ireland Assembly 157–159

Liason committee 284 Northern Ireland Executive 158–159

Liberalism 27–29, 32–35 Nullity 367

Liberalism 35–36

Life right to 428 Obscenity and indecency 468–471

Local government accountability 171, Official secrets 555–557, 566

Local government and courts 168–169, Ombudsman 1777–179, 285–287

170, 175–177, 277 Open government absence of 547–548

Local government autonomy 165–166, Operational functions 322–323, 335–337

171–172, 173–174 Opposition 217

Local government constitutional Opposition Days 280

protection of 165 Oral hearing right to 392

Local government democracy in 171, Ouster clauses 414–415

172–174 Overrides and ECHR 446

Local government ethical standards 172

Local government information and PACE Code of Practice 515–516

550–551 Parliamentary Commissioner for

Local taxation 174 Administration 285–287

Locus standi 408–409 Parliamentary Commissioner for

Lord Chancellor 113, 422 Standards 9, 13, 82, 230

Parliamentary privilege reform of 232

Maastricht treaty 182 Parliamentary procedure nature of

Majoritarianism 9–12, 29 265–266

Maladministration 177 Parliamentary Questions 279–286

Margin of Appreciation/discretion 448, Parliament recall of 215

449–451 Parliamentary Sovereignty and Northern

Marry right to 431 Ireland 130–131

Mayors 171 Parliamentary Sovereignty and Scotland

Media censorship 465 130–131

Members of Parliament conflict of interest Parliamentary Supremacy and European

227–231 Communities 136, 198–199

597

Index

Parliamentary timetable 266 Property rights 432–433

Participation 31–32, 36, Proportional Representation 23, see also

Passport 87, 305 voting systems.

Peerages 237–240 Proportionality 385–386, 447–449,

Personal liberty and security 428, 514 508–509, 561, 565, 569

Personal searches 522–523, 533 Prorogation 215

Police accountability 350, 351 Provisional orders 271

Police Authority 345, 347–348 Public Accounts Committee 278–279

Police centralisation of 346 Public bill 268–270

Police Complaints Authority 354–355 Public bodies and defamation 493–496

Police judicial review of 352–353, 528–529 Public function human rights and 440–442

Police liability of 353–354, 515–516 Public interest and freedom of expression

Police questioning 519, 532 502, 506, 558–560

Political advertising 261 Public interest immunity 561–564

Political Parties 41, 247–248, 259–261, Public law function judicial review and

261, 496–497 411–413

Positive and negative freedoms 20–21 Public meetings 478 see also Highway

Precedent fact 373 see also jurisdictional

error Qualified privilege and press freedom

Preliminary question see jurisdictional 499–502

error Qualified privilege MPs and 226–227

Prerogative and courts 304–306 Queen see Crown, monarch

Prerogative and police 349 Quorum Parliament 266

Prerogative armed forces and 355

Prerogative nature of 301–304 Racial hatred incitement to 473–474,

Prerogative orders 403–404 Reasonable suspicion meaning of 520–521,

Prerogative Orders in Council 302, 308 528

Prerogative Parliament and 76, 304 Reasons for decisions 396–398

Prerogative power abolition of 306 Recall of Parliament 265

Press freedom 458, 465–468, 560–561 Referendums 74–75

see also breach of confidence, Regent 292

damages, defamation, public interest, Regional Development Agencies 150

qualified privilege Register of Interests 229–230

Presumption of innocence 435–436, 514 Religion 431, 443, 471

Presumptions of interpretation 369–370 Representation 12–14

Primary legislation under Human Rights Reputation protection of 489 et seq.

Act 435 Reserved Matters (N.I.) 158

Prime Minister powers of 50, 76, 239, Reserved Matters (Scotland) 152

311–313, 320 Resignation ministers of 320–321, 322,

Principles of Public Life 18, 82, 229 326–329

Privacy and respect for family life ECHR Restitution 404–405

and 430–431, 443, 468, 503–506 Riot 481

Privacy and surveillance 567 et seq. Road checks 523–525

Private bill 270–271 Royal Assent 274–296

Private member’s bill 268 Rule of Law and Parliament 115–116,

Private notice questions 280 136–140

Privatisation 79–80 Rule of law different meanings of 94–9

Privilege defamation and 491–492

Privilege Parliamentary and freedom of Scott inquiry 322, 323, 335, 564

expression Scottish Executive 153–154

Privy Council devolution and 153, 158, Scottish legislative procedure 153

162. Scottish Ministers 153–154

Privy Council Judicial Committee of 85, Scottish Office 151

245 Scottish Parliament 151–153, 154

Processions 477 see also Highway Search records of 523, 542–543

Production Order 535 Search Warrant 534, 535–538, 541–542

598 Index

Security service 566 Taxation 275–276

Sedition 472–473 Telephone tapping 557, 568–571

Select Committees 266, 282–284 Terrorism 452–453, 478, 520, 525

Separation of Powers and Parliament Threatening behavour 482

115–118 Torture 428, 514

Separation of powers functional 110–112, Treasury 317

see also checks and balances Treaties 117

Separation of powers judicial review and Treaty of Amsterdam 182

363, 366 Trespassory assembly 478

Separation of powers significance in UK Tribunal RIPA under 570–571

109–110

Sessions of Parliament 215 Ultra vires doctrine 356–366, 369–370

Silence right to 518–519 Uniforms 481

Single European Act 182 Unitary local authorities 167

Sixteen Eighty Eight Revolution 65–66, United States 5, 23–24, 42, 69, 147–148,

121, 124–125, 211 330, 331, 458–459, 475

Slavery 428 Unreasonableness human rights and

Social Contract different versions of 19, 384

25, 28, 30 Utilitarianism 32–35

Solicitor access to 532

Sovereignty 26, 28, 46–47, 122–123 Victim and Human Rights Act 439–440

Sovereignty and rule of law 94–95 Violent disorder 481

Sovereignty and separation of powers 108, Voluntary bodies 339

121 Voting procedures 255

Speaker 128, 217, 222, 22, 267–268, 280 Voting systems 23, 151, 157, 157,

Special Advisors 77, 331 250–255

Special Immigration Appeal Commission

452–453 Wakeham Commission 26, 109, 218,

Special Majorities 9 241–242, 267

Sponsorship of MPs 228 Welsh Assembly 160–161

Standards Board for England 172 West Lothian Question 150

Standards in Public Life 82–83, 227–231 White Paper on House of Lords reform

State meaning of 17–19, 70–71 242–243

Statement of compatibility 438–439 White Paper on the Human Rights Bill

Statutory instrument, see delegated 426, 435

legislation. White Paper on open government

Subsidiarity 195–196 549–550

Summoning of Parliament 214–215 Written constitution benefits of 43–44

Surveillance Commissioners 570