§ 8. Could and might in conditional sentences.

Modal verbs COULD and MIGHT are often used in the main clause of conditional sentences with unreal, condition. The use of the Infinitive depends on the time of the action.

Exercise 28. Insert might, could combining them with the proper infinitive of the verbs in brackets.

1.It might befatal if she learnt the news(to be). 2.He could notice that she looked sad if she had not changed the subject of their talk (notice). 3.She could..go. for awalk in the park if it stopped raining (to go). 4.1 might have invited... her if I had seen her yesterday (to invite). 5.1f we left before five, we could..catch the six o'clock train (to catch). 6.1f we had left in the morning, we might arriveon time (to arrive) 7.1f he hadn't met Maria, he could have remained... a bachelor (to remain). 8.If I might..ask him about it, I would certainly do so (to ask) 9.She might...get a better job if she could speak English (to get). 10. I could..buy that nice dress, but was short of money ( to buy).

Exercise 29. Translate into English.

І.Якщо б ти сказав мені про це раніше, я був би зміг тобі допомогти. If you have told me about it earlier, I could have helped you.

2.Нещасного випадку можна було уникнути, якщо б він був більш уважний. We might have avoided the accident if he had been more attentive.

З.Якби я вмів водити автомобіль, я не потрапив би в біду.If I could have drived, I hadn’t gotten into trouble.

4. Ми могли б зробити це за вас, якщо б ви нас попросили. We could do it instead of you if you have asked us.

5. Ви могли б зараз бути вільними, якщо не промарнували час. You could be free now, if you didn’t spend time.

6. Він був би зміг змінити щось у своєму житті, якби не було вже пізно. He could have changed something in his life, if it hadn’t been already late.

7.Я вже давно міг би заснути, якщо б не шум цих автомобілів. I might fall asleep, if there isn’t the noise of these cars.

8. Якби я знала, що цей журнал такий цікавий, я могла передплатити його ще минулого року.If I knew that this magazine was so interesting, I could have subscribed it last year.

9.Він міг би навіть стати чемпіоном, якби брав участь у змаганнях минулого року.He might have become a champion, if he had participated the competitions last year.

10. Він міг би знайти нас, якби спробував.He could find us, if he tried.

§ 9 Clauses of condition can be introduced by if, provided/providing that, suppose/supposing, in case, unless etc.

Provided that replaces "if" when there is a strong idea of limitation or restriction. It's mainly used with giving permission

e.g. You can camp here, provided you leave no mess.

In case and provided are mostly used in sentences of real condition.

Suppose is more common in sentences of unreal condition. We use this conjunction to talk about imaginary conditions.

e.g. Suppose I came to you for help. Would you refuse?

Exercise 30. Open the brackets.

1.Suppose no one was there? (to be) 2. Suppose someone gave you a box and askedyou to describe exactly what was inside, what would you do? (to give, to ask) 3. Supposing he asked you for a loan, what would you say?" (to ask). 4. Supposing that she sawyou there, what would you have done? (to see) 5. Suppose he asked you to go to the cinema with him, would you go? (to ask) 6. Supposing Obama lost the election, could he still be popular? (to lose).7. I gave him a very famous book in case he will want (to want) to read it.

8.We shall be looking for you in case you lost (to lose) your way. 9. Their parents took some cakes in case their children will be (be) hungry. 10.1 recorded the program in case you will miss (miss) it. 11. Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have ( have) somewhere to park. 12. Children would be allowed to use the swimming pool provided they were (to be) with an adult. 13. We would go hiking this weekend provided that the weather was (to be) nice.

Exercise 31. Translate into English.

1.Припустимо, що він би помилився у своїх розрахунках, хто взяв би відповідальність за зрив в роботі? (Suppose he was wrong in his calculations, who would be take the responsibility per failure in the work?)

2. Припустимо, що ви дизайнер, який стиль ви б обрали?(Suppose you were a designer, what style would you take? )

3. Припустимо, що ви виграли б мільйон доларів. Щоб ви з ними зробили? (Suppose you won a million of dollars. What would you do ?)

4.Припустимо, що вас обрали президентом України. Якими були б ваші перші кроки щодо покращення життєвого рівня народу? Suppose you was elected as the president of Ukraine. What new steps in improvement of people's life level would you take ?

5. Уявіть, що вас би запросили на конкурс «Україна має таланти». Щоб ви запропонували глядачам? Suppose you were invited at the competition “Ukraine has talent ”. what would you offer for audience ?

6. У випадку, якщо б ви не змогли перекласти дайте мені знати. In case you can’t translate this, let me to know.

7. На випадок, якщо б вам потрібні були гроші купити квартиру, зверніться до Приватбанку. In case you need money for buying a flat, apply to PrivatBank.

8. Вам були б дали ще одну спробу, якщо б ви наполягали. Але ви цього не зробили.You were given another chance provided you insisted. But you didn't it.

9. Якщо б він звернувся до вас вчора, чи змогли б ви вирішити це невідкладне питання?Supposing that he applied you, would you solve this urgent question ?

10. Ви б могли працювати в цій кімнаті, якщо б ви не шуміли.

Can you work in this room provided they don't do any noise

Unless is used in tenses of real and unreal condition.

Exercise 32.

1. I wouldn't eat fish unless I was extremely hungry. (unreal condition)

2. Unless you had worked hard, you would not have succeeded. (unreal condition)

3. Unless she leaves now, she'll be late for the meeting. (real condition)

4. Unless you gave him the facts, he couldn't know. (real condition)

5. Unless they had seen her, they wouldn't have been so angry. (unreal condition)

6. Unless you use high quality material, you can't build a good house. (real condition)

7. Unless you study hard, you won't get a scholarship. (real condition)

8. I won't come unless you ask me to. (real condition)

9. He wouldn't have traveled, unless he had had a passport.(unreal condition)

10.He wouldn't have gone to the States unless he had gotten a visa. (unreal condition)

11. He wouldn't have been able to get a job, unless he had gotten a work permit. (unreal condition)

12. Unless he had left early, he wouldn't have arrived on time. (unreal condition)

13. He wouldn't have slimmed down, unless he had gone on a diet.(unreal condition)

14.He wouldn't have gotten to the airport on time, unless he had packed early(unreal condition)

15. I wouldn't have gone to the party unless I had gotten an invitation. (unreal condition)

Exercise .33.Translate into English using unless.

1 .Якщо 6 ми не поспішили, ми б не попали туди вчасно. Unless we had hurried up, we wouldn’t have taken there in time.

2.Якщо б ви не прибули раніше, вам би не дісталися кращі місця.Unless you had arrived earlier, you wouldn’t have taken the best seats.

3. Якщо ви не будете працювати більш наполегливо, ви ніколи не доможетесь успіху.Unlessyouworkhard, you'llneverachievethesuccess

4.Якщо б погода не покращилась до суботи, їм прийдеться залишитись вдома . Unless the weather will become fine to Sunday, they will have been stayed at home.

5.Якщо б ми не одержали субсидію театр вже давно б закрили. Unless we had takenan subvention, the theater would have closed long ago.

6.Я б не купив цей будинок, якщо б вони не позичили мені грошей.I wouldn’t have bought this house unless they have borrowed me money.

7.Якщо б ти зі мною не йшов, я б також не йшла б на цю вечірку. Unless you had gone with me , I wouldn’t have gone at this party too.

8.Якщо б мені не прийшлося працювати допізна, я б зустрівся з тобою завтра.Unless I have to work long hours, I will meet with you tomorrow.

9.Якщо б ви мене не попросили, я б зараз не грав з вами в шахи. Unless you had asked me, I wouldn’t have played checkers with you.

10. Вона була б не прийшла, якщо б я не попросив. She hadn't come unless I have asked her.

Exercise 34.Write each of the following sentences according to the models

Model 1

Iftheweather werefine, we should go hiking.

If you rang me up, I should tell you something.

Model 2

//"theweather had beenfine, we should have gone hiking.

If you had rung me up, I should have told you something.

1. If you {to be)were... too busy I {not to bother) ..shouldn’t botheryou. 1. If you {to be) had beentoo busy I {not to bother) shouldn’t have botheredyou.

2. If I {to live) lived...in Kyiv, I {to go sightseeing)should go sightseeing every day 2. If I {to live) had lived...in Kyiv, I {to go sightseeing) should have gone sightseeing every day

3. If I {to get)got... a ticket, I {to go)..should.goto the concert of this famous singer. 3. If I {to get) had gotten ... a ticket, I {to go) should have gone... to the concert of this famous singer.

4. If I {to live)...livednear a wood, I {to go)should go... to gather mushrooms every day. 4. If I {to live)...had livednear a wood, I {to go).should have gone..to gather mushrooms every day.

5. If my father {to come back) came back... early, we {to go for a fish)would go for a fish... together. 5. If my father {to come back) had come back... early, we {to go for a fish) would have gone for a fish... together.

6. If she {to know) knew ... English, she {to try) would try... to enter the university. 6. If she {to know) had known... English, she {to try)would have tried ... to enter the university.

7. If my friends {to come) came... to see me, I {to be) should be...delighted. 7. If my friends {to come)had come ... to see me, I {to be) should have been ...delighted.

8. If mother {to make)made... a cake, we {to have)should have... a very nice birthday party. 8. If mother {to make)had made... a cake, we {to have)should have had ... a very nice birthday party.

9. If we {to receive) received... a telegram from him, we {not to worry) shouldn't worry ... .9. If we {to receive) had received... a telegram from him, we {not to worry) shouldn’t have worried ... .

10. If you {notto work hard) weren’t work hard... systematically, you {to fail)would fail...at the entrance exams.10. If you {notto work hard) hadn’t worked hard... systematically, you {to fail) would have failed...at the entrance exams.

§ 10.Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could and should are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion. Sentences with inversion sometimes sound more formal than those with the more conventional if-construction and are also characteristic of more formal and literary styles.

Exercise 35. Complete the following sentences according to the Model.

Model:

1. If I him to do it, he would have obeyed me. (toorder)

If I had ordered him to do it, he would have obeyed me.

2. . it not yesterday, we would have raked the leaves.

(to snow)

Had it not snowed yesterday, we would have raked the leaves.

3. If in your place, I would start learning English

immediately, (to be)

If I were in your place, I would start learning English immediately. Were I in your place, I would start learning English immediately

1. I would not have got lost if I had studied the map. (to study).

2. .Had he been at home, we: would have visited him. (to be).

   3. He would have applied for the job if he had seen the

advertisement, (to see).

3. We would not have ordered tea, had we knew how late it

was. (toknow).

5. .Had it not rained, they would have held the party in the park.

(to rain).

6. We would have agreed with you if we had understood what you

meant, (to understand).

6. If you had put salt on the steps, they would not have been so

slippery, (toput.)

8. . Had he written to us, we would have known when to expect

him. (to write).

9. If he had chosen to take the course, he would have had to work

hard, (to choose).

10. had been I in your place, I would not be so easy-going

with him.(to be).

11. had been I you, I wouldn't lend him money.

Exercise 36. Using subject-verb inversion, rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning.

l.If you see John give him my best regards. 2.If you were to earn a huge salary, what would you do with money? 3. If he had not squandered all his savings, he wouldn't be poor now. 4. If she were to get wind of the situation she would definitely be devastated. 5. If you need assistance, please, let us know. 6. If he is accepted for the job he will go out and celebrate. 7. If I had not chosen to learn English I would not be doing this exercise now.8. If it hadn't been so strange I would have remembered it. 9. If I were in your shoes I would tell the truth. 10. Ifhewerepromotedhissalarywoulddouble.

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