Theme of the lecture №5. Raw material, material and fuel and energy resources
Definition and classification of raw materials, minerals and their economic evaluation
Resource base, its direction and development. Mineral resource potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Fuel and energy complex in the industrial-innovative development of Kazakhstan
The economic rationale for the selection of raw materials
1.Industrial minerals are geological materials which are mined for their commercial value, which are not fuel (fuel minerals or mineral fuels) and are not sources of metals (metallic minerals). They are used in their natural state or after beneficiation either as raw materials or as additives in a wide range of applications. Typical examples of industrial rocks and minerals are limestone, clays, sand, gravel, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite, silica, barite, gypsum, and talc. Some examples of applications for industrial mineralsare construction, ceramics, paints, electronics, filtration, plastics, glass, detergents and paper. The mineral industry is the branch of industry responsible for the exploitation of minerals from soil deposits. This is achieved by mining (through underground excavations or open workings), but also by processing plants. Products of mineral industry include various building materials, such as rocks (ex. granite), but also cement, glass and ceramics.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking.
2.Certain industrial minerals may have one, two, or maybe up to ten domestic and/or industrial applications, others such as lime, may have over 50 uses. The main consuming mineral market sectors which require industrial minerals as raw minerals may be summarized as:
Abrasives Absorbents Agricultural Cement Ceramics Chemicals Construction Electronics Filtration |
Flame retardants Foundry Glass Metallurgy Paint Pigments Plastics Refractories Synthetic fibers |
3.Kazakhstan owns large reserves of energy resources, and therefore the energy policy of Kazakhstan has influence over the world's overall energy supply. Although Kazakhstan has not described itself as an energy superpower, Kazakhstan's president Nursultan Nazarbayev has claimed Kazakhstan will become a factor of energy security in Asia and Europe. Kazakhstan has a strategic geographical location to control oil and gas flows from Central Asia to East (China) and West (Russia, global market).
The responsible governmental agency for energy policy is the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. In June 2009, the government of Kazakhstan announced a new Caspian Sea development program, according to which new offshore blocks of oil and gas to be auctioned. In 2010, the government introduced new restrictions granting to the state-owned oil and gas company KazMunayGas status of contractor and at least half of any production sharing agreement (PSA). New tax structure, enforced in January 2010, included a so-called "rent tax" on exports, a progressive tax that increases as oil prices grow. The amendment raised the government's share of oil income to a range of 65-85%.The new structure includes an excess profit tax, and limits foreign participation to 50 percent in each offshore project with no guarantees of operatorship.
In 2010, Kazakhstan amended the subsoil law to preempt the sale of oil assets in the country and to extend the government’s power to buy back energy assets by limiting the transfer of property rights to strategic assets in Kazakhstan.
4. The choice of crude materials and definition of their appointment for a concrete industry is necessary for carrying out by comparison of economic indicators of different types of raw materials and the accounting of features of branch. It is thus obligatory to consider:
- need maximality of use of a local type of raw materials;
- use of less deformed type of raw materials is preferable;
- to consider possibilities of industrial processing of an unused waste and production by-products;
- to consider possibilities of consumption of artificial materials and substitutes.
Rational use of raw materials is carried out by introduction of low-waste and technology without waste, the maximum involvement in production of a waste, secondary resources and the received products.
Basic literature: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Additional literature: 10,11,12,13,14,15,16.
Periodicals: 17-60
Internet sources and the optional list of electronic sources: 1-6