XXVIII. Direct and indirect speech (прямая и косвенная речь)

№

V₁

V₂

V₃

Значение

1

am

be is

are

was

were

been

быть, находиться

2

become

became

become

становиться

3

begin

began

begun

начинать

4

bring

brought

brought

приносить

5

build

built

built

строить

6

buy

bought

bought

покупать

7

can

could

–

мочь, могу

8

come

came

come

приходить

9

cost

cost

cost

стоить

10

do

did

done

делать

11

draw

drew

drawn

рисовать

12

drink

drank

drunk

пить

13

eat

ate

eaten

есть

14

fall

fell

fallen

падать

15

feel

felt

felt

чувствовать

16

fight

fought

fought

бороться

17

find

found

found

находить

18

fly

flew

flown

летать

19

forget

forgot

forgotten

забывать

20

get

got

got

получать

21

give

gave

given

давать

22

go

went

gone

идти

23

grow

grew

grown

расти

24

hang

hung

hung

вешать, висеть

25

have

had

had

иметь

26

hear

heard

heard

слышать

27

hold

held

held

держать

28

know

knew

known

знать

29

leave

left

left

оставлять

30

let

let

let

позволять

31

make

made

made

делать

32

may

might

-

могу

33

meet

met

met

встречать

34

pay

paid

paid

платить

35

put

put

put

класть

36

read

read

read

читать

37

retell

retold

retold

пересказывать

38

ring

rang

rung

звонить

39

rise

rose

risen

подниматься

40

run

ran

run

бегать

41

say

said

said

сказать

42

see

saw

seen

видеть

43

sell

sold

sold

продавать

44

send

sent

sent

посылать

45

show

showed

shown

показывать

46

shut

shut

shut

закрывать

47

sing

sang

sung

петь

48

sit

sat

sat

сидеть

49

sleep

slept

slept

спать

50

speak

spoke

spoken

говорить

51

spend

spent

spent

тратить

52

stand

stood

stood

стоять

53

swim

swam

swum

плавать

54

take

took

taken

брать

55

tell

told

told

рассказывать

56

think

thought

thought

думать

57

understand

understood

understood

понимать

58

wake

woke

woken

просыпаться

59

win

won

won

выигрывать

60

write

wrote

written

писать

Present Indefinite [Настоящее неопределенное]

Обозначает действие, которое происходит ВООП (всегда, вообще, обычно, постоянно).

+ V1 (3л. ед.ч.)+s - do + V1 ? does (3л. ед.ч.)+ V1

always, usually often, sometimes seldom, every day

+ I swim.

You swim.

He

She swims.

It

We swim.

They swim.

- I do not (don't) swim.

You do not (don't) swim.

He

She does not (doesn't) swim.

It

We do not (don't) swim.

They do not (don't) swim.

? Do I swim?

Do you swim?

he

Does she swim?

it

Do we swim?

Do they swim?

Yes, I do. No, I don't.

Yes, you do. No, you don't.

he he

Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.

it it

Yes, we do. No, we don't.

Yes, they do. No. they don't.

Past Indefinite [Прошедшее неопределенное]

Обозначает действие, которое произошло в прошлом.

+ V2 - did + V1 ? did + V1

yesterday, last week (month, year) a week ago, last time

+ I swam.

You swam.

He

She swam.

It

We swam.

They swam.

- I did not (didn't) swim.

You did not (didn't) swim.

He

She did not (didn't) swim.

It

We did not (didn't) swim.

They did not (didn't) swim.

? Did I swim?

Did you swim?

he

Did she swim?

it

Did we swim?

Did they swim?

Yes, I did. No, I didn't.

Yes, you did. No, you didn't.

he he

Yes, she did. No, she didn't.

it it

Yes, we did. No, we didn't.

Yes, they did. No. they didn't.

Future Indefinite [Будущее неопределенное]

Обозначает действие, которое произойдет в будущем.

shall (1 л.ед.ч. и мн.ч.) + V1 will + V1

tomorrow, in a week next time (monyh, year)

+ I shall swim.

You will swim.

He

She will swim.

It

We shall swim.

They will swim.

- I shall not (shan't) swim.

You will not (won't) swim.

He

She will not (won't) swim.

It

We shall not (shan't) swim.

They will not (won't) swim.

? Shall I swim?

Will you swim?

he

Will she swim?

it

Shall we swim?

Will they swim?

Yes, I shall. No, I shan't.

Yes, you will. No, you won't.

he he

Yes, she will. No, she won't.

it it

Yes, we shall. No, we shan't.

Yes, they will. No. they won't.

Present Continuous [Настоящее длительное]

Обозначает действие, которое происходит в какой-то определенный момент или период времени.

am be is + V4 (ing) are

NOW

+ I am swimming.

You are swimming.

He

She is swimming.

It

We are swimming.

They are swimming.

- I am not swimming.

You are not (aren’t) swimming.

He

She is not (isn't) swimming.

It

We are not (aren't) swimming.

They are not (aren't) swimming.

? Am I swimming?

Are you swimming?

he

Is she swimming?

it

Are we swimming?

Are they swimming?

Yes, I am. No, I am not.

Yes, you are. No, you aren't.

he he

Yes, she is. No, she isn't.

it it

Yes, we are. No, we aren't.

Yes, they are. No. they aren't.

Past Continuous [Прошедшее длительное]

Обозначает действие, которое произошло в какой-то определенный момент или период времени в прошлом.

was (1 и 3 л. ед.ч.) be + V4 (ing) were

all the morning, from 2 till 5 o’clock when you came

+ I was swimming.

You were swimming.

He

She was swimming.

It

We were swimming.

They were swimming.

- I was not (wasn’t) swimming.

You were not (weren’t)swimming.

He

She was not (wasn't) swimming.

It

We were not (weren't)swimming.

They were not (weren't)swimming.

? Was I swimming?

Were you swimming?

he

Was she swimming?

it

Were we swimming?

Were they swimming?

Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

Yes, you were. No, you aren't.

he he

Yes, she was. No, she wasn't.

it it

Yes, we were. No, we weren't.

Yes, they were. No. they weren't.

Future Continuous [Будущее длительное]

Обозначает действие, которое будет происходить в какой-то определенный момент или период времени.

shall + be + V4 (ing) will

from 2 till 3 o’clock, tomorrow, when mother comes

+ I shall be swimming.

You will be swimming.

He

She will be swimming.

It

We shall be swimming.

They will be swimming.

I shall not (shan’t ) be swimming.

You will not (won’t) be swimming.

he

She will not (won’t) be swimming.

it

We shall not (shan’t)be swimming.

They will not (won’t )be swimming.

? Shall I be swimming?

Will you be swimming?

he

Will she be swimming?

it

Shall we be swimming?

Will they be swimming?

Yes, I shall. No, I shan’t.

Yes, you will. No, you won't.

he he

Yes, she will. No, she won't.

it it

Yes, we shall. No, we shan't.

Yes, they will. No, they won't

Present Perfect [Настоящее совершенное]

Обозначает действие, которое завершилось к настоящему моменту.

Have + V3 has (3 л. ед. ч.)

Already, still, yet, recently, total, just, ever, never, this week

+ I have swum.

You have swum.

He

She has swum.

It

We have swum.

They have swum.

- I have not (haven’t) swum.

You have not (haven’t) swum.

He

She has not (haven’t) swum.

It

We have not (haven’t) swum.

They have not (haven’t) swum.

? Have I swum?

Have you swum?

he

Has she swum?

it

Have we swum?

Have they swim?

Yes, I have. No, I haven't.

Yes, you have. No, you haven't.

he he

Yes, she has. No, she hasn't.

it it

Yes, we have. No, we haven't.

Yes, they have. No. they haven't..

Past Perfect [Прошедшее совершенное]

Обозначает действие, которое завершилось к какому-то моменту в прошлом.

had + V3

by 5 o’clock yesterday, before, just, ever, never by the end of ..

+ I had swum.

You had swum.

He

She had swum.

It

We had swum.

They had swum.

- I had not (hadn’t) swum.

You had not (hadn’t) swum.

He

She had not (hadn’t) swum.

It

We had not (hadn’t) swum.

They had not (hadn’t) swum.

? Had I swum?

Had you swum?

he

Had she swum?

it

Had we swum?

Had they swum?

Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.

Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.

he he

Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.

it it

Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t.

Yes, they had. No. they hadn’t..

Future Perfect [Будущее совершенное]

Обозначает действие, которое завершилось к какому-то моменту в прошлом.

shall + have + V3 will

by 5 o’clock tomorrow, before you come

+ I shall have swum.

You will have swum.

He

She will have swum.

It

We shall have swum.

They will have swum.

- I shan’t have swum.

You won’t have swum.

He

She won’t have swum.

It

We shan’t have swum.

They won’t have swum.

? Shall I have swum?

Will you have swum?

he

Will she have swum?

it

Shall we have swum?

Will they have swum?

Yes, I shall. No, I shan’t.

Yes, you will. No, you won’t.

he he

Yes, she will. No, she shadn’t.

it it

Yes, we shall. No, we shan’t.

Yes, they will. No. they won’t..