- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •2.Main grammatical notions.Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •11. The category of tense.Posteriority.
- •13. The category of aspect.
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •2)External functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)
- •18. Phrase , means of expressing relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.
- •24. Syntactical structure of the clause( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
24. Syntactical structure of the clause( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
Parsing-the process of analyzing sent into their parts or constituents. The syntactic structure may be analized at 2 levels: pre-functional and funct
At the funct level the sss is described in terms of members of the s performing certain funct. Parts of the s are notional s constituents which are in certain rel to other constituents. We disting btw the princip cl and secondary cl. Parts of the s are notional as they name elements of the sit denoted by the sent: They are in diff relations to other parts of the sent. Trad parts of the sent:principal(predication.here Subj-structural center, pred-semantic& communicat) & secondary (obj, att, adv mod(they extend the basic structure). Struc-ly parts of the sent may be of 3 types: simple, compound, complex. The model of parts of speech the basic relation of notional sent constituents (show the linear order of const)
Dep on synt-semanti properties of the v: obligatory (princip part& complem) & optional.
Structurally members: simple(single w), phrasal, complex(expressed by secondary predict), compound (sub with introductory it)
Objs:in/direct, prep.
Complements- oblig constituent of s , completes the pred , cannot become a Subj in a passive constr.( subj compl:She is a teacher. obj compl: He painted the door green; predicate compl:The table costs $100)
Adverbials: adjuncts(additional inf: he briefly..), disjunct (speaker’s attitude: undoubtedly ), conjunct(logical link: he was wrong so he kept silent)
25. Structural models of sent analysis. Distributional model. IC-mode
S is a structural, sem & communicative unit. It can be analyzed at different levels. The most universally accepted are syntactic, semantic & logical-communicative.
The term distribution total set of environments of a certain element. may be in:1)non-contrastive distribn(the same position,no difference in mng;variants of the same element):hoofs-hooves; 2)contrastive d.(the same position,different mngs):she’s charming-she’s charmed; 3)complementary d.(the same mng,different position;variants of the same element):cows-oxen. class 1-N, cl2- V, cl3-adj, cl4-adv
The DM shows the linear order of sent constituents. The synt structure of the sent is presented as a sequence of positional classes of words:The old man saw a black dog there (D A1 N1 V D A2 N2 Adv)”+”Showing the linear order of classes of words, “-“ doesn’t show how ws are connected semantically; no inf about actual syntactic relations of sentence constituents. The police shot a man in the red cap(in the right arm)
ICM (based on binary principle, shows the hierarchy of members of S). A sent is a structured string of words grouped into phrases, so sent constituents are words & word-group. The basic principle for grouping words into phrases(endo- or exocentric) is cohesion(the possibility to substitute a word for the whole group without destroying the structure of the sentence). Ex:The old man(NP) saw a black dog there(VP)→2 immediate constituents –NP & VP, each has constituents of its own. Constituents which cannot be further divided are called ultimate (UC). The ICM exists in 2 main versions:1)the analytical model & 2)the derivation tree. 1)divides the sentence into IC-s & UC-s. 2)shows the syntactic dependence of sentence constituents.So the ICM shows both the syntactic relations & the linear order of elements.