- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •2.Main grammatical notions.Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •11. The category of tense.Posteriority.
- •13. The category of aspect.
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •2)External functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)
- •18. Phrase , means of expressing relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.
- •24. Syntactical structure of the clause( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
Sent-a unit of lan-ge and speech, as a lan-ge unit has form and meaning. The form of the clause-sentence is its structure. S is distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. largest unit of lang, smallest unit of speech.
The clas-on is based on 2 principles: 1)Communicative (declarative, interrogat, imperative, exclametary) 2)Structural 1.number of predication lines(1 → simple S, 2 or more → composite S), 2. the ways of its expression(1-member(nominal, adjective, adverbial, verbal) & 2-member S.), 3. the completeness of the predication line(only 2-member S can be discussed here: complete & incomplete (elliptical)), 4.in case of multiple predication – all the types of relations between the clauses( 1. equal (syntactic rel - coordination ) compound S (parataxis) 2.unequal -> subordination -> complex S (hypotaxis).
Incomplete (elliptical) 2-member S is built on the model of a 2-member S in which 1 or both principal parts are missing (in conversations, newspaper headlines, ads, stage directions).
One-member Ss are those the predication line of which comprises only 1 principal part which can’t be identified as a subject or a predicate. they are not context-dependent. Mainly used to describe emotions, subjective perception of reality.
22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.
The compound sentence consists of two or more clauses of equal rank which form one syntactical whole in meaning and intonation. Coordinate cls may be linked syndetically, asyndetically.Sem relations: 1.Copulative coordination implies that two events or ideas conveyed by coordinate clauses are merely joined in time and place.(and, nor, neither ... nor, not only ...then, besides, again
2. Adversative coordination joins clauses containing opposition, contradiction
or contrast. (the conj but, while, whereas, the conj adv yet, still, nevertheless the conjunctive particle only).
3. Disjunctive connection denotes choice, usually between two mutually exclusive alternatives. (or, either ... or, the conj adv else, otherwise):
4. Causative-consecutive coordination joins clauses connected in such a way that one of them contains a reason and the other ― a consequence. The second clause may contain either the reason or the result of the event conveyed by the previous clause. (for.The days became longer, for it was now springtime.)
Structural dependence of the continuing conjoin on the initiating one: Comp S contains the connective; contains anaphoric elements pointing to the previous clause; may be elliptical; often clauses are not reversible.
23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.
Complex sent consists of 2 or more clauses the rel bw which are dominational.
Complex Ss are often classified according to the type of sub cls. 2 approaches: 1)on categorical principal (on analogy with class of ws: noun cl, adjective cl) 2)functional principal (on analogy with parts-of sentence: sub, obj, complement).
The following criteria are taken into consideration to characterize the complex S: 1)the structural completeness of the main part; 2)the means of connection & the way the parts are linked; 3)The relative importance of the main & the sub cl.=>Types (structural patterns:1.Inclusive\embedded type. The main clause is incomplete without the sub.The position of the sub cl results from its function.: What I want to know is why he didn’t come.
2. Ss with pronominal correlation. conj opening the sub cl is correlated with some pronominal element (a pronoun or an adv) in the main cl. The meaning & the function of the sub cl depends on the function of the correlative word. It was just that which impressed me most.
3. Ss with attributive or appositive connection. In this type the main clause contains a word devoid of meaning like ‘it’ or with a very general meaning (question, problem). The sub cl disclose its meaning. The sub cl is often joined asyndetically. It can never be in preposition: She has a strange feeling as if smth has happened.
4. Ss with optional sub clause (adv cl of result, concession, cond).
5. Ss with mutual dependent cls: proportional agreement or comparison: The more I read the more I know.with patterns expressing temporal rel: Hardly had I entered the room the bell rang.