- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •2.Main grammatical notions.Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •11. The category of tense.Posteriority.
- •13. The category of aspect.
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •2)External functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)
- •18. Phrase , means of expressing relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.
- •24. Syntactical structure of the clause( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
2)External functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)
18. Phrase , means of expressing relations between its constituents.
Ph is a SYNTAGMATIC GROUPING OF 2 OR MORE WORDS It’s important to distinguish free word combinations (phs) &anal forms of a word. There are 2 elements in an anal form. Like a word, a Ph is a naming unit, but it performs the naming function in a different way. The naming function of the Ph distinguishes it from the S the main function of which is communicative.
Means of expressing synt rel: word order, prepositions, conj, case inflection-‘s , morphol expression of the components.
Syntactic links: agreement – method of expressing a synthectical relationship which consist in making the subordinate word take a similar form of the head word // this book, those books - btw demonstrate prounouns and N. btw Sub and Pred. government (the use of certain form of subordinate word required by its head word but not coinciding with the form of the head word.
adjoinment( primikanie) – the connection between these words without a change of forms. Only verb + adv
enclosure (zamikanie)– some element of a phrase is enclosed between 2 parts of another element (have never seen)
Preposit-al connection- (typically English) by means of formal words : cold but clear ( with the preposition)
19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
Sent-a unit of lan-ge and speech, as a lan-ge unit has form and meaning. The form of the clause-sentence is its structure. S is distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. largest unit of lang, smallest unit of speech.
The most essential feat of the sent as a linguistic unit are a) its structural characteristics – subject-predicate relations (primary predication) b) its semantic characteristics – it refers to some fact in the objective reality.
The mng of the clause-sent: representational (express our interpret of the world) and interpersonal (giving inf, asking inf, giving a directive).
Like a word the clause can perform nominating func (it names situations, states of affairs) the clause structure reflecting typical situate of the real or imaginary world as called proposition\ sematic structure. (reflection of a certain sit, prosses, doer, obj, circum, condit).
20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
Compare the following structures: (1)The doctor’s arrival; (2)The doctor arrived=>they name the same event, but (1)is not correlated with the situation of speech,doesn’t convey information about the reality or the time of the event; (2)is correlated with the situation of speech & shows that the event took place in the past.
The correlation of the thought expressed in the sentence with the situation of speech is called predicativity→has 3 components: modality, time, person expressed by the categories of mood (shoes whether the event real\unreal), tense (the tome when it took place) & person. The predicativity is expressed by the subject-predicate group(predication) & is also expressed by intonation.
primary & secondary predication: I heard someone singing. ‘Someone singing’-the secondary predication,as it resembles the subject-predicate group,or The primary and secondary predication has common deatures: structural & semantic: it consists of 2 main components (nominal&verbal) & names the event or situation. And they have distinctive feat: morpholog and communicative. The primary predication is correlated with reality directly. The secondary predication is related to the situation of speech indirectly, through the primary predications. and it cannot constitute an independent unit of communication.