6. Notional and functional classes of words

All the words of the English language are grouped into different types of classes. This classification is based on three main principles: 1) their grammatical meaning; 2) their form and 3) their syntactical characteristics.

Criteria for differentiating N & F ws: 1)the prominence of their lexical mng 2) peculiarities of their combinability 3) ability to be substituted by a w of a more general mng 4)ability to add(create new items)

N ws:1)complete nominative mng 2) self-dependent fnc, can be used in isolation 3)subst by a w with more general mng 4)open class content ws: nouns, verbs, adj\adv

F ws: 1)incomplete nominative fnc 2)obligatory combinability, linking/ specifying fnc 3)cannot be -//- 4)closed class (Pronouns, numerals, pronominals adv)

Groups of F ws (Fries): 1.with unilateral combinability(art, aux, modals, particles) 2.with bilateral comb(prep, conj which connect 2 or more not ws) 3. heterogeneous(interrogative ws, it/there, negative)

7. The noun. The category of number.

N – as a part of sp is singeled out on the basis of the following criteria:1) categ-al lexico-gram mng of substance & thinghness: concrete objects, human beings, animals

2)Morph-al cat-s of number, case, gender, article determination) 3) typical w-building patterns (suffixation, compounding, conversion)

4)combinability: a) left-hand prep combinability with N, adj, v, adv, casal comb( N’s +N), contact comb(N+N)-stone wall constr(speech sound), comb with art & other determiners b)syntactic: subj, obj, other funct less typical.

Ns denoting things- nucleus of the fild, marginal-process, quality, abstract notions.

Classification : common/ proper; in/animate, un/countable, concrete/abstract

Category of NUMBER. Tree - singular ( weak unmarked member of the opposition, both in form amd in mng; no positive mark ) vs trees – plur ( marked strong form; marked by spec morph of plurality)

The grammatical category of number( in all languages) depends on the physical nature of the object. The object can be: Discrete vs indiscrete

Discrete ( it has visible outer or inner bounds)Nouns:  discrete ( can be count( sg and pl) and uncount.(always pl “police”)  indiscrete has no bounderies ( are always sg,uncount)

Plural form of the noun can be lexicalized,it develops a new lexical meaning Ex: colour<-> colours- flag  lexicalization

8. The noun. The category of case.

N – as a part of sp is singeled out on the basis of the following criteria:1) categ-al lexico-gram mng of substance & thinghness: concrete objects, human beings, animals2)Morph-al cat-s of number, case, gender, article determination) 3) typical w-building patterns (suffixation, compounding, conversion)

4)combinability: a) left-hand prep combinability with N, adj, v, adv, casal comb( N’s +N), contact comb(N+N)-stone wall constr(speech sound), comb with art & other determiners b)syntactic: subj, obj, other funct less typical.

Ns denoting things- nucleus of the fild, marginal-process, quality, abstract notions.

Classification : common/ proper; in/animate, un/countable, concrete/abstract

The category of case.Case is a nominal category which shows rel of nouns towards other words in a sentence.Ex: boy ( no visible mark) vs boy’s ( reflects the syntactic function)common\ genitive. Not every noun changes according to the case. Gen. case in En can denote the following semantic relation: -possession (general): student’s book --subjective genitive: the student’s answer -objective genetive: Napoleon’s defeatness -genitive of origin: sh’s plays --descriptive genetive: a girl’s school –genetive of measure(ten day’s journey)--social relation: Jack’s wife --part of a whole: dog’s tail

Sometimes a noun in genitive case can be used independently.it has a locative meaning. It is the case of lexicalization.: I’m going to the bacher’s( a shop). In En the only 1 case, which is marked mor-ally, is Gen.case, the other case mngs being expressed by word order and prepositions.

theory of positional cases(nesfield) of the functional positions occupied by the N in the

sentence. besides the inflexional genitive case, purely positional cases: nominative, vocative, dative, and accusative(the cat caught a rat).

theory of prepositional cases cannot be treated as analit f as prep-s preserve their lex mng, the nu,be of prep cases is not definite. Are combinations of N with prep in certain object and attributive collocations should be understood as morphological case forms: "dative" case (to+Noun, for+Noun) and the "genitive" case (of+Noun).

Post-positional case theory(Воронцова)s’-special type of postposition. The theory denying the cat of case. The cat of case has no disappeared but has transformed.