- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •2.Main grammatical notions.Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •11. The category of tense.Posteriority.
- •13. The category of aspect.
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •2)External functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)
- •18. Phrase , means of expressing relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.
- •24. Syntactical structure of the clause( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
The main task of morphology is the study of the structure of ws. The smallest meaningful unit of gr-morpheme. Free m-can occur as separate ws <-> bound. Monomorphemic <-> polymorphemic w.
Morphems are abstract units, represented in speech by morfs. Accord to their mng and func m-s are subdivided into: lexical(roots), lexico-gramm(w-build affixes) & gr(form-building aff). Sone m-ms may be manifested by more than 1 morph accod to their position, such positional variants of morpheme- allomorphs( cats, dogs, foses, oxen.)
3types of morphemic distribution: contrastive(position same< mng –diff: charming-charmed), non-contrastive (position&mng-same: learned-learnt), complementary( posit-diff, mng-same: asks-theaches) Gr mng can be expressed by the absence of the m = Zero morpheme- (book-books). The func of the m-e may be perfomed by a separate word = Semi-bound m- will work)
Means of form- b & gram f are divided: 1)synthetical (bound m: inflextions, sound interchange, suppletivity) 2)analytical like a word: change morph-ally, can be separated by other w-s, used indepen-ly; like a gr-al mor-e: has no lex mng, has no separate, dependent, relative.
4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
Means of form- b & gram f are divided: 1)synthetical (bound m: inflextions: affixation\suf-on – is a productive means of form-b; typical features: scarcity of inflection, homonymy, sound interchange: not prod, vowel\cons (sell-sold), suppletivity: not prod interchange of word roots)
2)analytical (with the help of semi-bound m) like a word: change morph-ally, can be separated by other w-s, used indepen-ly; like a gr-al mor-e: has no lex mng, has no separate, dependent, relative.
Criteria fot analit f: 1. Coexist with the synt-ic forms of the same gram-l categ. No gr cat is represented only by an f-m 2. There should be no parallel synthetical f-s with the same gr mng 3. Analit f shoul possess absolute productively 4. Mng is global
is more difficult an analytical comparative degree or is more difficult a free phrase?
an analytical form: 1) The actual mng of formations like more dlt, (the) most dlt does not differ from that of the degrees of compar larger, (the) largest. 2) Qualitative adjs, like difficult, express properties which may be present in different degrees
a free phrase: 1) The words more and most have the same meaning in these phrases as in other phrases in which they may appear, e.g. more time, most people, etc. 2) there are also the phrases less difficult, (the) least difficult, and there seems to be no sufficient reason for treating the two sets of phrases in different ways, saying that more difficult is an analytical form, while less difficult is not. Besides, the very fact that more and less, (the) most and (the) least can equally well combine with difficult, would seem to show that they are free phrases and none of them is an analytical form
5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
A part of speech-grammatically relevant class of ws which is specified on the basis of gr, semantic & lexical properties.
Criteria for grouping into classes:1)Semantic(mng)-generalized mng which is an abstraction from lexical mngs of constituent ws( N-substance).Sem pr. of a p-of-sp find their expression in the gr-al prop-s. to sleep, a sleep, sleeply refer to the same phenomena of objective reality, but they belong to dif p-of-sp as their fr-al prop-s are dif.
2)Form(morphological prop-s)-concerns inflectional(form-b feat: fights) & derivational(w-b feat: whitness) features of words belonging toa given class, i.e the gr-al categ-s (for N – number, cas; V - person) and derivational (for N – er, ness, V – ize, ate)
3)Functional(syntactic). Synt properties are the combinability of ws: distribution(set of all possible environments of a w=> combinability: adj with N) andTypical syntactic func(N-subj, obj)
A p-of-sp may be describe as a field: central elements & marginal(substantivized adj)
One criterion classifications: based on principles
1)Morphological(Sweet) finds the follow clas-s of ws (N-ws, adj-ws, verbs, particles)
2)Syntactico-distributional(Fries)-each class of ws is characterized by a set of positions in a sentence=> 4 main classes of ws(1-N, 2-V, 3-adj, 4-adv) & funct ws(15 classes)