- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •2.Main grammatical notions.Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •11. The category of tense.Posteriority.
- •13. The category of aspect.
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •2)External functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)
- •18. Phrase , means of expressing relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.
- •24. Syntactical structure of the clause( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
Grammar – is a structural element of language along with phonetics and vocabulary. Language-a system of means employed to reflect reality in an ideal form and exchange ideas in the process of communication; speech – is the use of language by a speaking community in the process of communication.
3 structural parts of language: phonetic system, lexical system, grammatical system.
Grammar-is a subsystem in language which express meanings through the opposition of variants of one and the same unit.
Units of grammar: morpheme, word, word group, sentence. Every unit stays in relations with other units of the same level. Syntagmatic-linear relations, in speech. Paradigm- relations outside the lines, in language.
Grammar is divided into:-morphology -syntax
Morphology studies paradigmatic relations of words (structure, forms, classification of words) Syntax studies syntagmatic relations of words & paradigmatic& syntagmatic relations of sentence(structure, forms, classification of sentences)
The basic units are: morphemes and words.
A paradigm-is a set of units related to each other by association with some distinctive features.:
teachers learns writes speaks
grammeme-is a paradigme based on common grammatical meaning, different lexical meanings, Lexeme – common lexical meaning,- different grammatical meanings.
2.Main grammatical notions.Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition.
Grammatical meaning.- plane of content. It is general, abstract, indirect(connected with objective reality through the lexical meaning), obligatory, relative(it is revealed in relations of w forms: speak-speaks)
Gr form- plane of expression- wide sence: all means of expressing gr meanings.; narrow s- denote means of exp a particular gr meaning.
In En no direct correspondence btw gr meaning & gr form=> 1.2 or more units of the plane of expression may correspond to 1 unit of plane of content(allomorphs)-boys-children. 2. 2 or more units of the plane of content -//-1 unit of plane expression (polysemy, homonymy) –s: boy’s, dogs, asks.
A gr category - is a generalized grammatical meaning revealed through formal & meaningful opposition of variants of language & same unit.
The features of gram category: 1.is represented by 2 grammatical form( at least) 2.one word can represent diff gram categories: boy’s (number and case) 3.one word form can express only one gram mg of the same category 4.one particular gram mg can not be expressed in all forms of the word
asked- past tense, non-cont aspect, non-perfect order, active voice.
Gr categories are revealed on the basis on the method of oppositions. Types of opposition: 1) acc to the number of members( binary, ternary, quaternary) 2)-//- quality: privative (strong memb(special marker)<-> weak- dog-dogs); equipollent-both membs strong & marked(am-is); gradual- degrees of comparison.
Oppositional reduction: 1.neutralisation- the weak memb acquires the meaning of the strong one(Tonight we start for London) 2)Transposition-the strong memb is used in the context typical for the weak memb(She is always complaining of smth)