6. Types of Edition. History of Newspapers.

From the history of a newspaper

Basic facts

= An official newspaper in Venice in the 16 century (to be circulated throughout Europe, to be sold for a small coin called a “gazetta”, to be called gazetta, a name which is still used)

= The two forerunners of the newspaper (printers in Germany, Holland and Belgium, «relation», a single event on a single sheet of paper , and «newsbooks» , 8,16,24 pages, events of the past 6 month, by the end of 16 century)

From the history of British newspaper

• Three methods of circulation news : the proclamation, the sermon, ballads, poems

• The first written news service in Elizabethan England (1558-1603)

• The printed press. William Caxton (1476)

• The first English newspaper: George Veseler , an Amsterdam bookseller and printer, in 1620, the results of the battle near Prague in Thirty years war

• FLEET street.

From the history USA

• first American newspaper is weekly Boston News Letter ( April 1704 in Boston):

• was the only paper during 15 years

• the 1^st edition of the Boston News Letter contained the information taken from the London paper

Types of Edition

Classification of newspaper

- a daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes on Sundays and some national holidays, published in the morning. Most daily newspapers have their sister Sunday issue. Reporting in a main news section, sport, business, the arts, jobs, fashion, travelling.

- weekly newspaper are bigger than daily newspaper.

- National, regional and local newspapers

The newspapers can be divided into 2 groups. The first group consist of the quality newspapers, which provide their readers with important political and other news of the day at home and abroad. The second group of newspapers consist of the popular press. They do not report important world events, they will report story if it is sensational enough, but most of their space is devoted to what only can be described as gossip and personalities. Most popular papers or tabloids with lots of pictures, big headlines and short articles.

6. Higher Education in Belarus, the uk, the usa.

British universities.

There are more than forty universities in Britain. The two oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford is the oldest of these two universities, it is more philosophical, classical, theological. Among the English universities Oxford and Cambridge have a special eminence, and they are different from the others.

The second group called redbrick universities. They are London, Durham, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, Nottingham…The University of London is the largest of them.

The universities which were founded after the Second World War are called “the new universities”.

British universities are independent, autonomous. Admission to universities is by examination or selection (interviews).

USA

Higher education in America is provided by colleges and universities. American colleges and universities are either private or public. There are nearly 1900 institutes of higher learning in America. Roughly one-third are state institutions, 1200 are private ones.

The American high school offers a wide variety of courses. In the same school a student can specialize in economics, in chemistry and physics, Latin and humanities, or in automobile mechanics.

At the conclusion of studies a college or university grants a bachelor`s degree, after one or two years of studies – a master`s degree.

Higher education in the Republic of Belarus

Belarusian education is ranked among the best ones, and the Belarusian specialists are much in demand in the world.

There is a broad network of educational establishments in the system of higher education of Belarus. Four major types can be distinguished:

• Classical university;

• Profile university or academy;

• Institute;

• Higher college.

There are 57 higher educational establishments, of which 43 are state owned, 13 are private and 2 are run by religious organizations.

Belarusian higher educational establishments have 3 forms of learning: full-time, evening and by correspondence.

higher education in Belarus does not only mean lectures, seminars and exams. In addition Belarusian students participate in international scientific conferences and competitions, student exchange programs.

After university graduation young specialists have the possibility to get a postgraduate education.