Elements of the situation and members of the proposition

Participants  Arguments

Types of arguments / deep cases / semantic roles: … … …

Processes  Semantic predicates

Types of semantic predicates: … … …

Semantic predicates and semantic arguments − frames

Correlation of syntactic and semantic structures of the sentence:

Bob opened the door with the key

synt. subj. obj. prep. obj.

sem. agent object instrument

The key opened the door

synt. subj. object

sem. instrument object

Tom knows the answer

synt. subj. object

sem. experiencer phenomenon

Topic 7 units larger than clause

types of composite sentences: ← ← ← type of syntactic relations:

compound ← ← ← coordination

complex ← ← ← subordination

COMPOUND SENTENCE

Further classification – according to the type of logico-semantic relations:

copulative − … … … . e.g. … … …

adversative − … … … . e.g. … … …

disjunctive − … … … . e.g. … … …

causative & consequitive − … … … . e.g. … … …

Ways of expressing logico-semantic relations: … … …

Types of joining clauses: … … …

Structural dependence of the continuing conjoin on the initiating one:

• connective;

• anaphoric elements:

• structural (in)completeness;

• order of conjoins.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

Multiple predication & syntactic relation of subordination between clauses.

It means … … ...

Further classification – according to the:

1. Type of a subordinate clause:

a) categorial classification – types of clauses … … …

b) functional classification – types of clauses … … …

2. Structural pattern of the complex sentence as a whole.

criteria:

• structural completeness of the main part

• means of connection & the way the parts are linked

• what element in the main clause performs the main part in subordination of the other(s) clause(s)

• relative importance the main and the subordinate clause have in the sentence

types:

• inclusive/embedded type – e.g. … … …

• sentences with pronominal correlation – e.g. … … …

• sentences with attributive and appositive connection – e.g. … … …

• sentences with optional subordinate clauses – e.g. … … …

• sentences with mutually dependent clauses – e.g. … … …

FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE – ordering clause constituents in the process of communication:

• reveals the informational importance of …

• points out the focus …

Communicative structure of the clause = T… + R…

Theme: (communicative function, position in the message, relation to the text)

Rheme: (communicative function, position in the message, relation to the text)

Correspondence between THEME – RHEME and clause constituents (typical patterns).

Marked theme

Thematic fronting

Clause as the information unit: the GIVEN and the NEW

Order of the Given and the New in neutral and emotional speech (objective and subjective word order).

Relationship between thematic structure (Theme + Rheme) and information structure (Given+New)

Means (strategies) of focusing New Information:

• phonetic

• syntactic (clefting, …, …., …)

Linguistic means associated with Given Information

DISCOURSE AND TEXT

TEXT – grammatical or semantic unit?

Categories of the text:

• information (types)

• continuity

Types of topic continuity (progression):

1. … T₁ – R₁ = T₂ – R₂ = T₃ – R₃…

2. … T – R₁ ;T – R₂; T – R₃…

3. …

T₁ – R₁

T T₂ – R₂

T₃ – R₃

• Coherence – semantic unity of the text

• Cohesion – lexico-grammatical resources:

1. reference (types)

2. ellipsis and …

3. conjunction (logico-semantic types)

4. lexical devices (repetition, …, …, … )

• Text structure (Introduction, …, ….)