1. The oldest known mine on archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Spain.

F

2. It is the Egyptians who developed large scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the miner disaggregated by numerous aqueducts.

f

3. Use of water power in the form of water mills in the medieval period was not extensive.

f

4. Indians availed themselves of the copper starting at least 3000 years ago.

f

5. Black powder was first used in mining in Kingdom of Hungary.

T

Since the beginning of civilization C

including using it to remove overburden and rock debris

At the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland E

crushing ore, raising ore from shafts and ventilating galleries by powering giant bellows

The water was used for a variety of purposes, A

people have used stone, ceramics and, later, metals

Water mills were employed in B

Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1627.

Black powder was first used in mining in D

Paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite

metals D

reduce (something) to small particles or powder by crushing it

grind A

a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitably

hematite E

a very hard greyish-black stone that was used in former times for making tools.

Ore B

a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g. iron, gold, silver, and aluminium, and alloys such as steel)

flint C

a red, grey, or black mineral, found as massive beds and in veins and igneous rocks. It is the chief source of iron.

1. Mining is the process of extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth

T

2. Any extracted resource is renewable

F

3. Mining of stone and metal has been done since ancient times.

T

4. Modern mining processes involve prospecting, analysis, extraction and reclamation.

T

5. Mining today isn’t able to profitably and safely recover minerals with little negative impact to the environment.

f

Materials recovered by mining include(c)

the environment both during the mining operations and for years after the mine is closed.

Mining comprises (b)

able to profitably and safely recover minerals with little negative impact to the environment.

The nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on (a)

base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt and potash.

The negative impact has led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to (d)

moderate the negative effects of mining operations.

Mining today is(e)

extraction of any non-renewable resource

safety C

is the process of changing land that is unsuitable for farming or building into land that can be used.

Reclamation A

a country's collective means of supporting itself or becoming wealthier, as represented by its reserves of minerals, land, and other natural assets

prospecting E

the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury

resource B

the action of taking out something, esp. using effort or force

extraction D

searching for mineral deposits, especially by drilling and excavation

1. Discovery of the ore body leads to mathematical resource estimation to estimate the size and grade of the deposit.

T

2. Development is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit.

T

3. A feasibility study is carried out through prospecting or exploration to find and then define the extent, location and value of the ore body.

F

4. A feasibility study is conducted to make the decision whether to develop the mine or to walk away from the project.

F

5. The operation of the mine to recover the ore begins and continues as long as the company operating the mine finds it economical to do so.

T