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A diesel engine is a form of internal combustion engine. The main characteristic of diesel engine is the method of igniting the fuel. In a diesel engine the fuel is injected into the cylinder containing highly compressed air. During compression of the air the temperature goes up, the fuel in the form of a fine spray comes into contact with hot air and ignites.

Diesel engines have high thermal efficiency and don’t use much fuel. One of the important characteristics of the diesel engines is its adaptability to different fuels. But there are some disadvantages such as great weight and rather high cost.

The power put out by the diesel engine is expressed as brake horsepower (bhp). Effective horsepower is the power developed by the piston in the cylinder, but some of it is lost by friction within the engine. Power is expressed in kilowatts.

Large diesel engines may have a cylinder 900 mm. in diameter and turn at slow speed of about 145 rpm. Most merchant vessels are powered by medium-speed engines. Diesel engines are divided according to operating cycle, method of charging the cylinder and general design. Diesel engines may operate on a constant pressure cycle and on a combination cycle when part of the fuel burns at constant volume and part at constant pressure.

There are four-stroke and two-stroke engines. In four-stroke engines a piston and a cylinder act as a pump which removes products of combustion and fills a cylinder with fresh air charge. In two-stroke engines the cylinder is scavenged and filled with fresh compressed air charge by some external pump or blower.

By general design all engines may be divided into single acting and double acting.

The auxiliary parts are a cylinder liner, a crank pin, piston rings, valve springs, a crankcase, nozzles and others.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих выражений и выпишите их в тетрадь.

Рабочий цикл; воспламенение топлива; приспособляемость к различным видам топлива; некоторые недостатки; поглощается трением; цикл постоянного давления; действует как насос; способ зарядки цилиндра; новый заряд сжатого воздуха; двухтактный двигатель; четырехтактный двигатель; внешний насос или наддув; вспомогательные части; двигатель двойного действия; двигатель одиночного действия.

Упражнение 3. Закончите следующие предложения словами или словосочетаниями из текста.

1. The fuel is injected into the cylinder …

2. The fuel in a form of a fine spray …

3. The important characteristics of the diesel engine is …

4. The disadvantages of the diesel engine are …

5. Diesel engines are classified …

6. In four-stroke engines …

7. The main working parts of a diesel engine are …

8. The auxiliary parts of a diesel engine include …

Cycles of Diesel Engine

Слова и словосочетания к тексту:

suction n	—	всасывание
air inlet valve	—	воздушный впускной клапан
exhaust valve	—	выпускной клапан
fuel valve	—	топливный клапан
fuel injection valve	—	топливный инжекторный клапан
exhaust pipe	—	выпускная трубка
ring of exhaust port	—	кольцо выпускного отверстия
scavenging port	—	продувочное отверстие
stroke n	—	ход, такт (поршня)